The article examines the little-known anonymous work of 1650 "The Knight's Hearse", which contains a story about the beginning of the Cossack revolution in the middle of the XVII century. About the author's analysis of the history of the Cossack-Polish conflict, which is presented as an interethnic one, and the chronicle of the events of the campaign of 1648, which contains many hitherto unknown facts.

The beginning of the Cossack revolution and the "Trinity" of the first major victories of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in 1648 (Yellow Waters, Korsun, Pilyavtsy), as well as the high-profile campaign of 1649, which ended with the Treaty of Zborovsky favorable for Ukraine, have long been of great research interest. All the more" pleasant " for a specialist to notice that the source base of these events has not yet been exhausted. Thus, among the early historiographical reactions to the beginning of Khmelnitsky, an almost unexplored source from the history of those events stands out-the anonymous work "Katafalk Rycerski Wielmoznemu Jego Mośči Panu Mikołaiowi z Dambrowice Firleiowi Staroscicowi Trembowelskiemu, Rotmistrzowi I. K. M." with almost independent works added ².

The famous Polish bibliographer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, K. Estreicher, attributed it as a work of Samuel Twardowski, but this seems very doubtful. Recently, I. Tarasenko, a Ukrainian researcher of the "brownie war" with. Tvardovsky, identified with the attribution of the authorship of" Catafalque "to him, but did not give any arguments in support, except for the mention that both works describe more or less the same events. ³ The author of these lines can identify some undoubted stylistic and semantic coincidences of "Catafalque" with the works of S. Tvardovsky ("Domov's war"or her first separately published excerpt - "the Cossack war") failed, and the circle of authors-fans of Firleevs ("Catafalque "is dedicated to them) is wide enough to" fixate " on S. Tvardovsky (a distant relative of Firleevs). Currently, two copies of the work are known - the complete one, preserved in the library of the University of Warsaw ⁴, and with several lost pages (pp. 28-29, 70-71, 84-85) in the book collection in the chicken coop (Poznan)⁵.

Dmitry Stanislavovich Virsky-Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Ukrainian Historiography. E-mail: vyrsky@yahoo.com

¹ according to the events described in 1648-1649, the work is usually dated to 1649, but the mention of Stanislav Lyantskoronsky as "now the governor of Bratslav" (c. 135) should refer it to 1650.

² "Kathastrophe Katafalku abo Zal po Zalu Wielmożnych Ich Mći. Iego Mośći Pana Piotra z Dambrowice Firleia Starosty Trembowelskiego, y Iey Mośći Paniey Jagnieszki z Hoczwie Firleiowey Starosciney Trembowelskiey, z śmierći Henryka Firleia młodszego Synaczka, ktory czternastego dnia, po Pogrzebie Starszego, umarł. XXX. dnia Maia, Roku Panskiego M.DC.XL.IX. Wieku swego Miesiąca trzynastego", "Pamiatka wieczney Slawy Iaśnie Wielmożnego Iego Mośći P. Andrzeia z Dambrowice Firleia Woiewody Sendomirskiego, Woysk Koronnych Hetmana".

^{Tarasenko I. Yu} 3" Wojna Domowa " by the Polish chronicler S. Tvardovsky as a historical source and monument of historical thought. - K., 2011. - pp. 78-80. in general, the "Hearse" was on the periphery of the researcher's attention, so it was worked out somewhat in passing and fragmentary.

⁴ Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. - Sd. 713.822 (mf. 8903).

⁵ Biblioteka Kórnicka PAN. - Sign. 1628 (mf. 5992). The publication is also available thanks to the resource "Wielkopolska biblioteka cyfrowa" (see: [Electronic resource] http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=84024&from=FBC).

The whole work, which has become the subject of the current analysis, consists of three almost independent parts with their own names. Each is written on the occasion of the death in 1649 of certain representatives of the Firlei family:the young man Nikolai, son of the headman of Terebovlsky Peter Firlei (died before October 5, 1650; p. 1-75); the very infant (May 2-30, 1649) Henrik, the youngest son of the same Peter Firlei (p. 77-88) ; as well as the honored elder, voivode of Sandomierz and Hetman of the Crown Army Andrzej Firlej (p. 89-152). Apparently, it is in the entourage of Terebowl headman Pyotr Firlei that we should look for the author of "Catafalque" (if S. Tvardovsky usually reproduced the deeds of his fellow Great Poles, then, according to this indicator, the anonymous person should have been a fellow nobleman from the Russian or neighboring Lublin voivodeships, that is, from the Ukrainian-Polish ethnic border).⁶.

For the Ukrainian scholar, the first and third panegyrics are of the greatest interest, because the participation in the wars with the Cossacks of the main characters of both of these works inclined the narrator-panegyrist to a detailed presentation of historical episodes. Given the limited scope of the article, below is an analysis of only that part of the text of the monument concerning the genesis of the Cossack-Polish conflict and the history of the campaign of 1648.

The reason for the author of the work to address the Cossack theme in detail was the Battle of Pilyavets in 1648-Most of all at that time the "experiences" of contemporaries. M. Firley and his relatives also participated in it (this event becomes the theme of the third virtual "table" - a memorial plaque that supposedly perpetuates the ranks of the hero of the work). The marker " Cossack wars "(on the banks of the page with poems) directly demonstrates what was the impetus for reflection on the Cossack War. Further description of the history of the Cossacks contains many original elements, which until then did not appear in the Rechpospolitan discourse about the Cossacks. So, the author immediately outlines them as a "people" (he completely ignores the popular thesis that this is not a nation, but only a military formation).

Further more. He gives the natural boundaries of this people (on the banks of the page, the slogan "Cossack ancestors" emphasizes the primordial nature of the outlined borders) - " starting from the Bug (the Southern Bug River-D. V.), he (that is, the Cossack people-D. V.) spread out over the fields up to your threshold, Don, where you will find water with the Meotian Lake (So, first, the author does not divide the Cossacks into the Don and Zaporozhye, and secondly, having moved it to the Wild Field, ignores the city and refuses the Cossacks the right to participate in the battle of the Volga River (the Black Sea - d. V.)", then "up to the Volga" and "along the banks of the Pontic (Black Sea - d. V.)". So, first, the author does not divide the Cossacks into the Don and Zaporozhye any right "to volosts", i.e. settled territories of Ukraine. Thus, from an ideological point of view, we have here a carefully nurtured stereotype, very popular later (Sich - mother, Great Meadow - father, etc.), that only Zaporozhye is the natural Homeland of the Cossacks.

It is clear that in such wild places live and inhabitants-savages. It is a savage caricature that the author describes, telling about the tribalism of the Cossacks - they "amuse themselves with kobza" (on the banks of the page, the slogan "Kobzaks" seems to give an original and ridiculous version of the etymology of the word "Cossacks"), drink vodka ("water for a hut in copper cauldrons"), and all the surrounding "green areas" are covered with them drunk. ants."

⁶ the famous panegyric on the death of P. Firlei, published in Warsaw around October 5, 1650 by G. Mokrsky, "probosch denovsky" (M. Dynov/Dyunu nad Syan, now in Poland) (see: Mønstwo sławney y nieśmiertelney pamięci [...] Piotra Firleia [...] Przez X. Hyacintha Mokrskiego Proboszcza Denowskiego. Die 5. Octobris, 1650). However, its prose, rather than poetic form and the absence of remarkable coincidences with the "Hearse of Knightley" does not give grounds to suspect joint authorship, but rather confirms the hypothesis about the origin of the author of the "Hearse" from the Polish-Ukrainian border area.

They feed on game (wild horses, bears, foxes and in general here is a land rich in any animal). They are engaged in fishing on the Dnieper and other rivers (here, too, because of the slogan on the banks of the river, the local savage name for fishermen, borrowed from the Tatar language, is emphasized - "balakshiy") ⁷.

Further, the author mentions the "historical" glory of the Cossacks, puts them in such and such a well-known respectable " framework "of antiquity (the slogan" Rus, or the Cossack Ancestors are fighting against the Greeks and Turks"). The narrator identifies the Russian naval campaigns against Byzantium ("Greek lands") with Cossack raids against the Turks. By the way, in the description of the historical origin of the Firleev family, the author of "Catafalka" - a big fan of Sarmatism-calmly attracted the first Russian princes to the" Sarmatians "⁸ (under the slogan" First Russian princes "we read" And here Igor and Truvor occupy the thrones; and Kurik [=Rurik] the third with them; where are the winter Trions ⁹ Sarmatians the valiant ones were assigned countries: not wanting someone else to live between them") and even recalled the "Sarmatian ants". He also had no doubt that the Sarmatians ("Asarmatians") and the Scythians are the "Japheth tribe". Consequently, the narrator did not deny the kinship and historical connection between Rusyns and Poles.

Cossack-Tatar relations are presented in an original way in the work. We are not talking about any natural hostility here. According to the text, the Tatars are set against the Cossacks by the Turks in order to avenge the piracy mentioned above. The Cossacks, in the author's opinion, are brave out of fear, because by nature they are not courageous people and "their courage is cunningly measured by greed" (to emphasize this idea, the slogan "Cossacks and Russia were never courageous" is placed on the banks of the page). Against the Tatars, they themselves can do nothing and call for help from the Poles. The latter are mobilized too slowly (which the author considers a disadvantage), so the Tatars manage to do a lot of damage and catch up with fear on the border guards.

The author goes on to explain why the Poles defend the Cossack lands. In his opinion, the beginning of this was laid by King Casimir-probably here we mean Casimir III the Great (1333-1370), who, having conquered Galicia and partly Volhynia, began to be called the "king of Russia". The narrator glorifies the domination of the Russian expanses in every possible way-under the protection of Polish banners, courageously fighting the Tatars, there is a constant colonization of new lands. It also contributed to the revival of the "tribe of ancient fishermen" (he had not yet heard anything about the Old Russian Fishermen, but the Khazarism of the homegrown apologists of the Cossacks of the late XVII-XVIII centuries is only one step away), who, sensing the rear provided by the Poles, began to " strive to restore the morals of the ancient fathers." This, according to the author of the story, is the starting point of the history of the Cossacks themselves (on the banks of the page is the slogan "the Cossacks begin"). In this key passage, the narrator depicts a primeval

⁷ The appearance of this motif in the text" Catafalque " together with other data from the history of the "pre-revolutionary" Cossacks makes one suspect the author's familiarity with the work of S. Szymanowski "Mars of Sauromat" (Warsaw, 1642). For more information, see: Virsky D. Rechposolitskaya historiografiya Ukrainy-K, 2008 (part 1, subsection 4.4: "a new independent story -" The Cossack War "("Mars Sauromatsky" by S. Shimanovsky etc.)").

⁸ it should be mentioned here that the Firlei also considered themselves related to the Russian princes (from St. Vladimir himself inclusive) - so it is not surprising that the princely Old Russian tradition is quite favorably practiced by the author of "Catafalque". As the narrator wrote: "in Russia later (that is, after Vladimir - D. V.), there were various princedoms later, until the later ones happened in your, Pole, knights; however, even so, they did not lose their glory."

⁹ Trions-constellations of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor (meaning "winter Trions" - the North star?).

Cossack-Polish isis. Cossacks of the same bo "courageous Polish bravery become assistants / / boldly with them Tatar collecting caches". And each time they add to the Poles ' hunting, they no longer want any other work than shooting animals in the field,catching fish, and leading a military tribe.

The narrator calls the first organizer of this military system the "brave Pole" Orishovsky (Jan Orishovsky, a Cossack chapter of the 1580s), who became the first hetman. Yes, and the rest of the foremen, according to the author of "Catafalque", at the dawn of the Cossacks ' existence were from the Poles ("Poles lead hundreds, Poles lead: even these [Cossacks] are knightly trained"). Under such kind leadership, the Cossacks "plunder the Tatars or the Turkish territories", restoring already forgotten customs - in "light boats they sail stealthily across the sea" and "take cities by unexpected chance". Here it is important to note - the idea that the primitive (and therefore the present) The Cossacks were completely controlled by the Polish government, and that the Poles formed its senior corps was actively popularized in order to historically justify the ordination imposed on the Cossacks in 1638. And that this motif was well understood by the unknown narrator is also evidenced by a passage made at the very beginning of the work, where it is about the modern enemies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - " on a poor Pole. Here the Cossack is trained to take up arms from him (that is, the Pole-D. V.)."

Next, the author of "Hearse" decides to explain the origin of the name "Cossack". In his opinion, these people "are called Cossacks, either with Tatar slaves, or because of a walking lifestyle," because, he repeats, " I know they don't care about any prosperity - they only play kobzas with vodka."

The narrator claims that the Cossacks were introduced to the world of the privileged strata of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by King Stefan Batory (the slogan on the banks of the river "first rights from King Stefan"). The latter granted them" rights "and" liberties "for their service during the" Moscow Wars " (the Livonian War of 1558-1583). However, the Cossacks quickly showed ingratitude by raising an uprising led by K. Kosinsky. But by the courage of Prince V.-K. These" treacherous ones "perished in the Battle of Pyatka (1591), where, the narrator recalls,"to this day, traitors salivate in numerous graves."

The register of Cossack-Polish conflicts ("Cossack wars") continues the uprising led by S. Nalyvaiko. According to the author, the "treason of Nalivayk" was supported by the "community of non-working Young Men", who, however, paid for their arbitrariness with blood near Lubny. And the executioner crowned the Polish " justice "for the actions of S. Nalyvaika "on the Warsaw market".

The following passage, which says that "the nobles then had different riots, which, however, were tamed by the wisdom of our hetmans, and the impudent ones were tamed by a thug", refers to the unconcretated actions between the revolt of S. Nalyvaiko in 1596 and the Kurukovo campaign in 1625. This is a definite interlude to the story of the high-profile Cossack wars of 1625, 1630 and 1637-1638. (the following slogans are "Kurukovskaya war", "Pereyaslavskaya war", "Kumeyskaya war"). However, it is important that the author of" Catafalque " considers the Cossack performances not as separate isolated historical cases, but as a long and systematic process-a constant hassle of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. On Lake Kurukovo, according to the author, the Cossacks "discovered their anger", but did not achieve anything, "driven behind bear vines" by the crown Hetman S. V. Kolesnikov. To the Poles, who captured the Cossack camps and "in the carbs" wobbled the Cossacks. He reduced the Cossack liberties and showed them the strength of a Polish superior.

A new round of conflict occurred near the "blood-drenched" Pereyaslav. Here "accustomed to cheating on a guy of accustomed forces" added. This passage can be interpreted as a recognition of the" professionalization " of insurgents who go to fight consciously, and not spontaneously. And although, according to the narrator, the same Hetman S. Koniecpolski pacified the riot with blood by the courage and bravery of the "Polish Zhovnir", this did not help to solve the problem. Soon it all started again, when together with Pavlyuk, the Cossacks rose up for a new uprising (1637). The author of "Catafalque" tells us more about it. So, the rebels near Kumeyki attacked a" small handful "of Polish troops, trying to" trample " and destroy it with a camp. However, God did not help the "traitors" and the Cossacks "die beaten"and lose" armata " - artillery. Their remains, besieged in Borovitsa above the Dnieper, are forced to hand over their hetman and foreman and swear new "rights", curtailed "as traitors".

The narrator does not regret praising the Polish Hetman M. Potocki, who showed his own courage under Kumeyki-he personally led the dragoon banner into battle under heavy enemy fire. He also praises the son of the Hetman, Peter Potocki, who attacked and captured the Cossack camp with his banner under a crushing fire. Yes, and the author of "Catafalque" praises all Polish zhovnirs for their courage, because he believes that there were only less than 2 thousand of them under Kumeyki against 23 thousand rebels.

The narrator also noticed the participation of B. Khmelnitsky in the uprising of 1637 (the slogan on the banks of the river "Khmelnitsky is a traitor and there"). He knows about the signature of the future hetman under the capitulation in Borovitsa ¹⁰. Distorting this fact, the author of "Catafalque" stated that that" old traitor "was not going to stick to his word, because the rebels "barely on oath" resumed the war, shedding" streams of innocent blood " (therefore, in fact, B. Khmelnitsky was made responsible for the speech of Ya. Ostryanin in 1638). The narrator did not mention the fact that the registry Cossacks, among whom B. Khmelnitsky probably was, fought on the side of the government troops in the 1638 campaign.

The unknown author presents the war of 1638 as completely losing for the Cossack rebels. They say that they, already destroyed in various places, Hetman M. Potocki" on the elder "pulled out as" Mangy Foxes from the pits". The hero of that campaign in the " hearse "is declared to be Y. Vishnevetsky, who" did not pass through a single opportunity" to express his courage and help the victory.

All this excursion to the history of the Cossacks on the eve of the revolution of 1648 is necessary for the narrator to indicate "the betrayals of the boy's path". This story, according to the author of "Catafalque", is extremely relevant "in the current wave".

It seems that this historical and analytical fragment generally forms the pinnacle of the Rechpospolitan "discourse on the Cossacks", and later pre-modern historians have added little to the narrative image created here that is viable (in terms of the duration of using its provisions). The only thing that he "lost", compared to the previous one

¹⁰ presumably, the author of" Catafalque " was familiar with the works of Sh. Окольского о казацких войнах 1637-1638 гг.: Okolski Sz. Diariusz transactiey woienney miedzy woyskiem Koronnym y zaporoskim w roku 1637 miesiąca grudnia przez [...] pana Mikołaia z Potok Potockiego [...] sczęścliwie zaczętey y dokończoney... - Zamość, 1638; Idem. Kontinuacya diaryusza woiennego czułoscią [...] hetmanow koronnych, ochotą [...] rycerstwa polskiego nad [... Kozakami w roku 1638 odprawiona. - Krakow, [after 31. i.] 1639. it was from the first of them that the narrator could borrow information about B. Khmelnitsky.

The foundation of Cossack studies is the vision of the possibility of mutually beneficial integration of the Cossacks into the world of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, this once again confirmed the thesis that the state at the height of the war contributes to voicing radically "nationalistic" interpretations of the past.

Further, the author of" Hearse " proceeds to a direct narrative of the modern war under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky. Moreover, having brought the reader all the previous historical excursion to the idea of the naturalness of the Polish-Cossack conflict, the narrator does not stop at the reasons and reasons for the new round of struggle, instead he immediately unfolds a large-scale picture of the battle on Yellow Waters, which interrupted the string of Polish victories.

The author in tragic colors praises the loyalty to the filial and zhovnir duty of Stefan Potocki, the son of the great crown Hetman M. Potocki, who was the formal commander of the Polish army during the Battle of Zheltovodsk. Fate itself, they say, turned against him and only the betrayal of auxiliary units from the Ukrainians, as well as the Cunning of B. Khmelnitsky, who managed to drag them to his side and entered into an alliance with the Tatars, overcame the courage of the leader and his zhovnirs. Among the Polish heroes of the battle are named Stefan Czarnecki, Jan-Fryderyk Sapieha, Jacek Szemberko, Stanislaw-Michael Krichevsky and the" more than once experienced " Stanislaw Oldakowski. S. Potocki himself was wounded by a gunshot, but to the end he held on as a worthy son of God and the Fatherland.

It is interesting that the main traitors are declared here "Russian dragoons" ("Germans, in the movement made"), who with the fire of their muskets "debased" the chivalrous courage of the Poles. The author of" Catafalque " is again silent about the fact that initially the registry Cossacks were on the side of government troops (this also contradicts his approach to the Cossacks as an integral enemy force for the state). He only recalls the reprisal of the Cossacks "with their own", who "hear some kind of loyalty in them against the Polish blood." He knows three such victims: "Ilyash" (Ilyash Karaimovich, "senior" over the registry officers), "Klisha" (Yakov Klisha/Klishenko ¹¹) and "Barabashenko" (Ivan Barabash, military esaul registrovtsev).

The next step of the Rebel Cossacks was an information sabotage against the main forces of the crown army, which was carried out by the Cossack Malichenko ¹², who pretended to be a runaway "craftsman"¹³ and led the Polish hetmans - the great crown M. Potocki and the Polish M. Kalinowski - into a trap, on Cossack ambushes near Korsun. By the way, this is the only known text where exactly such a name of the hero-Cossack is called. A lot of colorful details of this case are also given here. Malichenko bo discovered a real acting talent (he" how easily he persuades a fictitious faith - then sticks his ears up, then when they don't believe him - how angry he blows"), leading an army of Polish hetmans" on a hook", and he "stealthily drove off" (thus, we can say that " Ukrainian Susanin"and Lyakhov leads into a trap, and he is saved).

¹¹ It is possible that Ya. Klisha, a foreman from Belaya Tserkva (mentioned as early as under G. Doroshenko in 1627), did not die then, because later we know Yakov Vasilyevich Klisha, general judge (1654) and Belotserkovsky colonel (1653, 1654).

¹² in the register of 1649 there are at least 18 Cossacks with the surname Maly, two Malyshenko are also known-Daniil and Khoma in the Ivnichansky hundred of the Belotserkovsky regiment, as well as Konon Malyshenko and Andrey Malashenko in the neighboring Grishchovskaya hundred of the same regiment, here in the Belotserkovsky hundred of 1654 the centurion Semyon Malchenko is mentioned. In the end, the list of candidates for identification can be continued. As you know, there are still references that this hero was, according to one version, Samoilo Zarudny, according to another-Nikita Galagan (see: Hrushevsky M. S. History of Ukraine-Russia. - Vol. VIII, part II. - K.; Vienna, 1922. - P. 189).

¹³ It is possible that the term "craftsman" may refer here to a professional warrior (a Cossack registry officer?).

What follows is a desperate description of the Korsun pogrom. On the Poles "hidden regiments fall out from everywhere","peruns "-ambush lightning thundered with crushing fire, "impassable beam" does not allow moving further, and from other sides "the enemy is severe" - the Cossacks led by B. Khmelnitsky and the Tatars of Tugai Bey have already surrounded the crown army and are attacking it. The Poles courageously fight back, they are inspired by the hetmans who "run around" here-M. Potocki "corrects the formation", and M. Kalinovsky, already wounded, repels the Tatars and steps on them. But "treachery won", which was also facilitated by the transfer to the side of the rebels of the master's" Russian Dragoons" left in the camp, the same as under the Yellow Waters of the"Germans, in the movement made". About them, the author of" Catafalque " notes that they, to the misfortune of their heads, were taught by the lords to handle firearms, and they suddenly turned her, Panama's trusted one, on the master's lip.

Therefore, the Polish camp plunges into chaos, " the blood of heat flows in a stream." And whom the enemy will drive out of the camp into the field, that there "clap" takes over. The camp disappeared, the narrator sums up with regret, and the hetmans caught by the enemy also disappeared. Looking for an explanation of this defeat in the ancient experience, the author recalls a passage from the scribe of Roman history Titus Livy (Book 35): "everyone who fights, do not trust strangers before your own, for you will suffer treachery." This was the fate of the Scipios, who perished in Spain when they were betrayed by the Iberians.¹⁴

Just like the Iberians once did, the "Rusnaks" subordinated to the Polish regionalists also fell for it. After all, as the author of "Catafalque" writes, "we wanted to be terrible to the Rusnaks, waging war with the Russian Cossacks." So, he realized that it was hopeless to fight against the Ukrainians with Ukrainian hands, thus once again emphasizing that the war under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky is an interethnic (Polish - Ukrainian) conflict. Trying to justify the Poles for the Korsun defeat, in another place the author quite unoriginally writes that the Cossacks won the victory by "cunning", and not by "courage", and not by themselves, but with Tatar help.

The result of the defeat of the crown army is, according to the narrator, the desolation of the defenseless region (volosts are smoking with smoke, the Tatar spits, and self-willed dissatisfaction with his masters sets in), which he compares with a natural disaster (the colorfully described eruption of Mount Vesuvius near Naples in 1627) ^.15 As the author of "Catafalque" writes, " here, arbitrariness, throwing aside the shutters, rather the current of the river, poison and stubbornness against the benefactors of its former ones, and chooses all sorts of leaders for crimes." Among the specific examples of rampant insurgency, the pogroms of Nestervar (Tulchyn)and Vinnytsa are mentioned (in another place of the text, Polonnoye is mentioned in this context, again Nestervar, then Makhnovka, Nemirov and Bar) ¹⁶. The rebels burn churches, trample and roll in mud the Lord's shrines. In general, the narrator concludes, "childhood" has done a lot of things here.

¹⁴ this is the case of the brothers Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calva and Publius Cornelius Scipio, who, because of the betrayal of the Celtiberians, were defeated and died in Spain in 211 BC.

¹⁵ the eruption of Mount Vesuvius was reported by flying publications, printed and in Poland (Zapal Srogi Gory Neapolitañskiej. - Kraków, 1632, 1633).

¹⁶ It seems that all of them are mentioned in connection with the activities of M. Krivonos, to whom contemporaries attributed general leadership in these actions (see: Hrushevsky M. S. History of Ukraine-Rus. - Vol. VIII, part III. - K.; Vienna, 1922. - P. 39).

crimes that accompany wars. There were also many human victims among the "less guilty Jews "and"innocent Lyakhs". In general, the stylized, stereotyped description of the "terrible" rampage of the uprising is striking - for the author, it seems, this is rather not his own experience, but an observation by Otudal.

In another place, the narrator writes that after the Battle of Korsun, " the terrible Khmelnitsky, having sent detachments of cruel helpers, harassed the Polish parties." This was his plan, and not "the ferocious Krivonos, with the fury of a drunken man", who "began a wild boyish rebellion against the masters", wanting to demolish the "Lyadsky tribe" orphaned, without a king and hetmans, "almost from the whole earth". Here, for the first time, M. Firley began his military career, collecting his own banner from the outskirts of Terebovli, protecting the city and the surrounding region from the spread of the peasant uprising. Subsequently, he joined the camp of Prince Y. Vishnevetsky, where he studied military art.

Further, the author of "Catafalque" briefly sings about the raid of Y. Vishnevetsky, who broke through from across the Dnieper to Volhynia and"brought out of the fire the whole camp of the gentry". The prince, "though with a small handful" of his soldiers, smashes "unbridled arbitrariness", already behind him moves" strict Krivonos " with numerous rebel forces, blocking the paths of the magnate army and hindering the possibilities of its replenishment.

Y. Vishnevetsky chooses a convenient place for the battle-Rosolovtsy ¹⁷ near Starokonstantinov, where the camp of government troops leaned on the swampy bank of the Sluch, and a flat field was more convenient for the gentry cavalry ("horse caught zhovnir") than for the Cossack infantry ("foot guy") ¹⁸. here 26 (16) July 1648 p. M. Krivonos also came up with his body. The narrator speaks of six subordinate "large regiments", almost 10 thousand soldiers in each ¹⁹. However, this is rather significantly exaggerated data, which the author of "Hearse" needs in order to present the not so small forces of Y. Vishnevetsky (about 10 thousand zhovnirs without taking into account the ²⁰ servants) as much weaker, but victorious.

M.'s army Krivonos was immediately "wrapped up in the first trench", then" just moved across the river", but then" they found out that the courageous Polish weapons can be used in the field", when to dispose of them"wisely "²¹. probably, to show this "mind", the narrator demonstrates"the construction of the prince's army". It looked like

¹⁷ Rosolovtsy is now a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region.

¹⁸ in the description of the Battle of Rosolovci, there are many coincidences with the text of Jan Białobocki (see: Białobocki J. Poematy rycerskie. - Krakow, 2004. - S. 34-37) z vidannya "Pochodnia wojennej sławy [...] książęcia [... Jeremia [ ... ] Wiśniowieckiego "(Cracow, 1649), therefore it can be assumed that the author of "Hearse" was familiar with this edition.

¹⁹ when the Bar was received on August 4 (July 25), 1648, which occurred immediately after the battle of Starokonstantinovo, there were five colonels of the Krivonos army: Ivan Kushka (koshka) shlyakhtich Bratslavsky, Pop (pop Bratslavsky), Gabach, Bratslavets, Stepka (Stepan Baibuza). So with the personal regiment of G. Krivonos, you can really count six. The figure of 50 thousand soldiers was also voiced to the Polish command by the captured "language", but we recall that, according to more likely calculations made two months later at Pilyavtsy, M. Krivonos ' corps numbered only 16 thousand people (therefore about 3 thousand, and not 10 thousand soldiers in each regiment?). According to another source (a letter from Volhynia dated July 28, 1648), the rebels were 40 thousand led by M. Krivonos and I. Giray against 15 thousand zhovnirs from Ya. Vishnevetsky. Ya. Belobotsky knows in the battles near Rosolovtsy Krivonosov "atamans" Poluyan, Ostap (Ostap Gogol? Ostap Ivansky?) and a Demo (Demko Mikhailovich from Chigirin, Demko Lisovets?).

²⁰ private units of Ya. Vishnevetsky, V.-D. Zaslavsky, M. Ostrorog, Ya. Tyshkevich, plus the Royal Guard headed by S. Osinsky. The author of" Catafalque "Polyakov himself counted" about four thousand", but this is probably the calculation of only the personal troops of Ya. Vishnevetsky.

²¹ Apparently, the author of the Hearse considered the main battle to be the clash of July 28, 1648.

thus: on the left wing - private units of the prince with himself at the head, on the right - the voivode of Kiev Janusz Tyshkevich, and the center was held by Krzysztof Koritsky ²² and Samuel Osinsky. Zhovnirs went into battle willingly, because before ("in the Sunday game"²³) they had already beaten ("a mile away") a lot of Cossacks ²⁴. according to the author of" Catafalque", the battle took place in the best traditions of the Polish army ("the same troops, too, and happiness"), and " clap self-willed"I knew then the chivalrous courage of the Poles and gave them "not difficult victory".

Prince Y. Vishnevetsky, according to the narrator, personally approached the Cossack camp, where the frightened rebels were already preparing to hand over the foreman to the Victorious one, but night came and "the wolf leaves the net" (a euphemism that should give the impression of the Cossacks fleeing, which in fact did not happen). At this point, the author of" Hearse " breaks off the description of events (after all, then we would have to say about the retreat of the Poles?) then he moves on to a new episode - the battle of Pilyavtsy.

This story gives the narrator the opportunity to expand the panegyric representations of the Firlei family members who took part in the Pilyavets campaign. There were four of them ( although the author of "Catafalque" for some reason writes "three" ²⁵) - the Belz castellan Andrey Firley, who equipped six banners of soldiers with firearms; the Lublin headman Zbigniew Firley, who brought the regiment of his district under the foundation of Prince J. Vishnevetsky; ²⁶ the son of the headman of Terebovlsky Nikolai Firley, who was almost the first to bring his own banner to the point of concentration of troops; and Stanislav Firlei, the Lublin sub-comorium, who set up an entire banner at his own expense (under the command of the "courageous Olesnitsky ²⁷").

The following is a description of the formation of the Polish army in the battle of Pilyavtsy ²⁸. on the left wing - opposite the camp of Krivonos - Prince J. Vishnevetsky became (as we see, the confrontation between these "cult" leaders continued after the battle of Rosolovtsy). Units of the Kiev voivode Ya. Tyshkevich "beam" to the prince, then the Lublin regiment, and the headman of Bratslav Samuel Kalinovsky joins" his people". Then Prince Samoilo-Karol Koretsky, nephew of the famous fighter against the Turks Samoyl Koretsky. Behind him is the Crown Cornet Alexander Konetspolsky, one of the three official regiments of the Szlachta army. Then the Volyn regiment, in the very center, under the command of the Highest of the three leaders - Prince V.-D. Zaslavsky. He also had the regiments of Sandomierz (he was also the voivode of Sandomierz) and Cracow. Next,Division C. Osinsky, followed by the headman of Lantskoronsky Michal

²² Koritsky was closer to the right wing.

²³ this is the first battle on Sunday, July 26, 1648.

²⁴ according to B. Maskevich (Mashkevich), in the battle of Rosolovtsy, the losses of the Cossacks amounted to 2 thousand fallen for the first battle on July 26 and up to 1.5 thousand-for the second battle on July 28. But for the army from 18 to 50 thousand. this is clearly not a rout.

²⁵ the narrator does not mention Zbigniew Firlei by name, but it was he who was the" headman of Lublin " mentioned in the text, and the author of "Catafalque" himself included a separate paragraph about him at the beginning of the work, where he also mentioned his participation in the Battle of Pilyavec (this information is repeated in the third part of the work with the Legend of relatives of A. Firley).

²⁶ two banners of this regiment-a Hussar and a Cossack (100 horses each) - Z. Firley equipped at his own expense.

²⁷ The Olesnitskys are relatives of the Firleys.

²⁸ by the way, the data of this description completely refute the recent maps-diagrams of the battle of Pilyavtsy, compiled by A. Galushka, which have already been included in the "Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine" (see: encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine. - Vol. 8. - K., 2011. - pp. 206-207).

Zebzhidovsky. And already on the right wing there are Mazovian and Greater Poland regiments, which were ordered by the third regional commander - Nikolai Ostorog.

The battle was started by Y. Tyshkevich, who, having attached to his forces the watchmen's units, which were held by people from the Volyn regiment, led them to attack the "circle set up by the enemy" (we are talking about the clash on September 21, 1648 for crossing the Ikva River). Polish zhovnirs are depicted as a small handful, beating from the " gun "that surrounds them, and also"in the direction of the Tatars in ambush".

Then the narrator's attention turns to the corps of M. Krivonos, who defended a well-fortified position ("Krivonos is standing in the ditches with the army and with the Armata"), and in the rear he created another fortification with a reserve ("he dug up the ditches in the rear, and planted the regiment, ready for treason"). The author of"Hearse" considers this a special plan-a "trick" by M. Krivonos, who was already afraid of a new collision in the open field (after the failure at Rosolovtsy).

In the attack (we are already clearly talking about Wednesday, September 23, 1648) on the Formation of Krivonos, Prince Ya. Vishnevetsky discharges five banners from his regiment (in another place it is said about the battle on the "Pilyavetsky meadow"). Among them was the division of Nikolai Firley, on which the author of "Catafalque"also focuses his attention.

The banner advanced from the right side of the detachment and had a red korogva flag with a white cross and two horse tails. The banner depicted a large Maltese cross (the narrator equated M. Firley's subordinates with the brave Knights of Malta). Against the background of the cross was a picture of the Virgin and Child, with a golden moon glittering at her feet. Above the cross, "where the top of its leaves twists" (that is, in the recess?) such "letters"- the Latin inscription: "Tandem bona causa Triumphat "("a good deed wins in the end", or"in the end, good leads to victory")"shone".

Then the "society of this banner" is listed: on the right wing follow Pakoshovsky with Rzeszow (Ryashevsky), then Ankvitz with Bogutsky, Dombrovsky, two Denbovsky, Podolsky, Radvan, Meleshkevich and Fagel with Yakimovsky, with Vyslavsky Gritskevich (by their surnames, the zhovnirs of this banner are identified mainly as representatives of gentry families from the Russian and Podolsky voivodeships which, in the end, is natural). They "posh the mixed servants with an ancient custom" (that is, not every unit-post of a" comrade "- nobleman separately?) and " they direct their courage with a courageous word." Under the flag-korogva became Zlobotsky, Mashovsky, Shumlyansky and with Dzivlovsky Verkhovsky. Korogva himself was carried, which means he was a cornet, a "courageous" Tsekhansky.

On the left wing were Zyrzhinsky with Kurdvanovsky, Dzegelsky with Zatinsky, Lazinsky with Grotkovsky, Maletsky. The latter, it seems, had the status of a rittmeister's bodyguard ("your dowry, rittmeister, health guard"). With them and others, not named by name, "equal" with the above-mentioned - "zatsni" and all trained-experienced in military affairs ("Mars affairs").

The description of the banner is completed with a portrait of the captain and"his horse". The head of his unit rides around ("he steals the fields in a tight circle in front of them"), shines a saber and demonstrates gaiety, which invigorates ("adds hearts") his subordinates. The horse under him is reddish-brown, of Turkish blood ("Thrace sent"), and he gallops briskly, adding respect and comfort to the rider with his speed.

Further, the neighbors of the Firleev banner are mentioned. Two of them are mentioned in more detail. The first of them is the Bratslav steward Jan Baranovsky, a well-known client of Prince J. Vishnevetsky. The banner, on which a Golden Eagle "shines" on a yellow field, is carried here by the "brave" Voinilovich (Gabriel-Michal Voinilovich?). Ya. Baranovsky is presented as an experienced veteran who takes care of the actions of young Captains - therefore, he probably carried out the general leadership of the whole unit (5 banners).

The second one mentions the banner of Aksak ²⁹, a nobleman from the Kiev region, which goes to the left of the division of Ya. Baranovsky. It had a black korogwu flag with a golden eagle. Its commander - "young Aksak" - was "equal to the years and beauty" of M. Firleev.

The narrator does not know anything about the last two banners, but he notes that, apparently, they were not among the worst, if they were placed in the vanguard. Behind these five banners moved other regiments, each with its own colonel at the head.

Then the five banners mentioned above enter into battle with numerous Tatars, who then stood on the place where the Cossacks had previously stood. The Zhvaks fight bravely, but soon the first significant loss occurred - an Aksak was shot through the eye with a Tatar arrow (it seems that the wound was not fatal, because both brothers are mentioned in later historical acts). However, his brother immediately took the commander's place and continued the battle.

Further more. Under Ya. Baranovsky falls shot horse. He is saved by the already shot Vislavsky, the latter soon gave his soul to God from his wounds. The horse also falls under the cornet of Tsekhansky, and arrows also hit him, but he gets up on his feet and carries korogva on foot. By doing this, he keeps up the courage of his comrades. A new horse was soon brought to him.

Reinforcements are coming to the Poles. It is conducted by the Bratslav defendant Nikolai-Kazimir Kossakovsky. Zhelvaki drive the Tatars to the Cossack formations, but fall under the fire of the Krivonosov army and bleed to death. Firlei's banners were also included. The captain himself was saved by his plate Carapace, which withstood all bullet hits. However, it was harder for other muscles-then Podolsky and Yakimovsky were killed, in particular. But Verkhovsky lost his horse and was already in danger of death when his comrades were able to save him. At that time, a "murzak" on a black horse rode into the ranks of the banner, wanting to get even with its soldiers. But Mashovsky took his head off his shoulders, and Rzeszowsky captured the Tatar horse and brought it to Verkhovsky. Then there is praise for Rzeszowsky, the son of Nikolai Rzeszowsky, who was well studied by his father and became the equal of "Roman chivalry".

But the Poles have a hard time. Cossacks and Tatars surround them from everywhere. Therefore, fresh regiments were sent to help them. Nikolay Dlotovsky (Dlutovsky)³⁰ led the remnants of the regiment of Ya. Vishnevetsky into battle, followed by pod-

²⁹ under the command of Ya. Vishnevetsky was fought by brothers Jan and Gabriel, sons of the Ostersky headman Stefan Aksak from his first marriage. Their uncle Mikhail Aksak also served with them. By the way, the young G. Aksak and in the battle of Rosolovtsy on July 26-28, 1648, asked for leave with his 300 horsemen to start the battle first (he commanded then, probably because his older brother Jan was at the Sejm in Warsaw as an ambassador from the Kiev voivodeship). Under Pilyavtsy, therefore, the banner was probably led by Jan, and Gabriel replaced him after being wounded in battle.

³⁰ Dlotovsky Nicholas was a lieutenant in the army of Ya. Vishnevetsky during the Cossack War of 1638.

section of the crown cornet Alexander Koniecpolski, then the headman of Bratslav Samuel Kalinowski, together with the banners of the Lublin county, banners of the Russian voivodeship from the Galician land under the superiority of the Podolsk voivode Stanislav Potocki.

Tsetner ³¹, Kovalsky ³², Kuropatva ³³ and Potocki ³⁴ took personal part in the battle. moreover, Alexander Tsetner became the closest to the exhausted banner of his relative M. Firley and supported it. In particular, he saved the captain himself, who rode far into the Tatar order and was already cut off from his Muscles.

The Tatars and Cossacks also threw reserves into battle and brought confusion to the Polish lines. According to the author of "Catafalque", the numerical superiority of the Cossacks and their Tatar allies broke the courage of the Poles and led to large losses in their ranks. So Dlotovsky, who bravely fought against the Tatars, found his death in this battle, when his horse treacherously screamed (stumbled?). Nikolai Kuropatva, who was at the head of his own banner, also dies.

Death also brings eternal glory to Alexander Podolsky, the lieutenant of the banner of the Lviv steward Stanislav Kovalsky. The tears of his wife and small children did not keep him at home, all this was outweighed by his love for the Fatherland. Surrounded by the enemy, the lieutenant courageously fell like a hero. Other Zhvaks, whose formation has mixed with the Tatars, are dying.

At the same time, the main character of the story, Captain Nikolai Firley, was also in danger. He broke far into the Tatar ranks, knocked down the Tatar bunchuzhny from his horse and captured Bunchuk. But the enemy was upon him, striking with javelins, sabres, and slingshots. And although the Carapace-caracena withstood all this, and the nimble horse carried the rider out of danger, but the captain is already in the blood, the wounded horse slows down and is already "barely under him (that is, the captain-D. V.) zhiye". Seeing this, comrades Dzegelsky and Zatinsky rushed to save the commander. Having cut through the path, they lead the captain out of the encirclement of the enemies, but they themselves experience severe wounds and give their souls to God a few "quick" hours later.

Meanwhile, the captain changes to a fresh horse, and his cornet loses his third horse. Dzivlovsky took up the banner-korogva" in courageous hands ", exclaiming: "Hey, courageous zhovnirs, we do not give up the captain; let his divisibility be an example to us to the rank of knight!". And like lightning ("a fleeting perun"), he jumped off to the largest enemy regiment. After him flew the society, before which, according to the narrator, fell "nasty paganism", as if "tied with an axe". The Tatars taken on sabres were driven all the way to the " camps themselves "and with the banner they already began to break down the" laid gates " (camp gates?).

But they are being shelled from everywhere, and other units are in no hurry to go under such fire. Dzivlovsky was hit by a Tatar arrow. The Zhovnirs retreat, and numerous Cossacks of the" drunken Krivonos", having gathered their strength, rush shouting at the enemy.

³¹ Tsetner Alexander-Podilsky cornet, captain of the Cossack banner (100 horses) from the Russian voivodeship.

³² Kovalsky Stanislav-Lvovsky (Kholmsky?) stolnik, captain of the Cossack banner (100 horses) from the Russian voivodeship.

³³ partridge Nikolai-captain of the Cossack banner (100 horses) from the Russian voivodeship.

³⁴ probably Stanislav Potocki (Revera) - Podolsky voivode, who had his own Hussar banner (100 horses) from the Russian voivodeship, and Andrzej Potocki-Galician starost, captain of the Cossack banner (100 horses) from the Russian voivodeship.

polish orders. Save the shriveled Polish cavalry " soldiers "(means infantry?), who were the last reserve to enter the battle. They quickly bombard the enemy and hold back his counterattack ("drive the self-willed childhood from the field"). Then the scattered cavalry gradually gathers in new ranks, after a respite, preparing to continue the battle.

As to how "worked" the Poles were, it may be indicated by the mention in another place of the work that M. Firley in the battle of Pilyavetsky received an arrow in the arm and seven bullets in the chest, not counting arrows and" signs " of chopped blows, from which he was saved by the shell, but this did not add to his health. And the banner of this noble youth then went to the attack seven times. There is also a description of the horse that carried the captain out of the battle - a scar from a Tatar saber shone on his forehead between his ears, there were marks from three slingshots on his neck, and thirteen arrow wounds all over his blood - soaked body. So, we can note that the combat capability of the Polish shock units at the end of the day was in great doubt.

Much shorter, the author of "Hearse" tells about the second place of the battle that day. Here the main leaders competed for the crossing-Prince V. - D. Zaslavsky from the Polish side, and B.-from the Cossack side. Khmelnitsky. Moreover, it is the Cossacks who repeatedly attack the gold-glittering Sandomierz and Poznań regiments here, and Polish chivalry is only" courageously " reflected. B. Khmelnitsky introduces more and more reserves into the battle, and it is incredibly difficult for the Poles to bring reinforcements across the ferry. Therefore, "in that unequal battle" the Zhovnirs suffer significant losses. Here the "courageous captain" Karkovsky (Great Pole Alexander Karkhovsky) died, and the fields are covered with the bodies of the slaughtered.

Further, the author of" Hearse " recalls some of the Polish heroes of this battle. In particular, Krzysztof-Baldwin Ossolinski, the headman of Stobnicki and the son of the brother of the Grand Chancellor of the Crown Jerzy Ossolinski. Here he supported the dignity of his noble house and courageously proved with a saber that he was a real son of the crown (here it should be noted that his uncle-chancellor was charged with involvement in inspiring the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky, so the demonstration of the Ossolinsky will to fight the Cossacks was "politically useful"for this magnate family).

Sandomierz castellan Stanislav Vitovsky also behaved courageously at the battleground. As a colonel, he organized reinforcements for the Zhovnirs, who could no longer withstand the Cossack pressure. But even he was quickly "surrounded from everywhere" by the Cossacks. And V. Vitovsky - "already knocked down, already almost knocked off his horse "- fearlessly "added hearts" to his soldiers.

The last among the Polish heroes of this clash is named the great Lithuanian wagon train and commander of the Royal Guard Samuel Osinsky. He and his soldiers in this "unequal battle" Saved the" really already executed " defenders, who were surrounded by the enemy from everywhere.

Then, according to the narrator, the battle was interrupted by night. The author concludes it with a specially highlighted moral couplet: "it is bad to have many leaders in the army, because various councils harm the hetmans when they prove more than necessary." This is a traditional hint for the gentry reaction to the Pilyavetsky pogrom, that the three regionalists and other honorist magnates could not provide effective leadership of the government army.

The Pilyavetsky theme in" the hearse "is completed by the ritual" Lament for the beaten under Pilyavtsy "(a common element for works of this genre), in which the author "cries" for the fact that the dead zhovnirovs could not even be buried:

 
 
 "The third [verse] under Pilyavtsy lamented the scored, 
 Whose bones shine in uncovered graves. 
 Worthy knights, true sons, lay down, 
 Fatherland loving, and your heads 
 Scattered across the fields of the enemy cruel, 
 He left a vague image of his anger! 
 A wild beast carried those bodies through the thickets, 
 In which virginity with a plot of land had its home! 
 Weeping oreads 35, mistress's mountains there, 
 Pay the husbands of the beaten, let the glory not perish 
 Brave chivalry. In the Knight's precinct 
 The dead and scattered have their bones there. 
 Put a marble column, it shows 
 These words, for eternal memory let them be given:
[Tombstone beaten under saws] 
 Here we wanted to block the enemy's path with our
bodies and here with our bones 
 The field is shining. For your wrongs, O God,
We lay down on this parade ground, let him help us 
 Your caress is merciful, let it not end 
 Praise be to you forever; save, mighty Lord. 
 And you, passerby, do not cry that we are lost, 
 For we have heard it in eternal memory with eternal glory. 
 And cry for the government that left us here, 
 And he caused harm to the unpaid Fatherland." 
 
 

Here it should be added that in the list of those nobles who died at the time of writing "Hearse" in the war with the Cossacks, the author at the beginning of the work included Stefan Potocki (victim of the battle of Zheltovodsk); those who fell at Pilyavtsy already mentioned M. Kuropatva and A. Karkhovsky; those who died during that "unfortunate war" Skalsky starost Zbigniew Lyantskoronsky (about whom he mentions that he, with only five banners, put down in battle up to ten thousand "self-willed" ³⁶); Henryk Potocki (a relative and peer of M. Firlei), also (like the mentioned Stefan) the son of the great crown hetman M. Potocki; Prokop Potocki (son of the Podolsky voivode), two Partridges (probably already mentioned Nicholas, and the second-Alexander Kuropatva), Samuel Osinsky (the great Lithuanian wagon train and commander of the Royal Guard), Samuel Lasch (a famous warrior and adventurer), Nischinsky (Jan-Stefan Nischitsky, cornet of the Belz voivodeship?), Bogdan Oginsky (court cornet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), actually M. Firley, further Headman of Lublin Zbigniew Firlej (famous for his heroism in the battle of Piliavci), Prince Janusz-Isidor

³⁵ Oreads-mountain nymphs.

³⁶ this is an episode from the beginning of the campaign of 1649 (the breakthrough of the corps of Stanislav Lyantskoronsky, father of Zbigniew, from Kamianets-Podilsky to Zbarazh), which is already mentioned in the third part of the work dedicated to A. Firli.

Zaslavsky (brother of V.-D. Zaslavsky-Ostrogsky). On the way to Jaroslaw, when I was returning from Cracow (coronation) After the Sejm of 1649, captain of the quartz troops and former Cossack colonel Stanislav Oldakovsky died. The author of "Catafalque" also had a very high opinion of the deceased Kiev voivode Janusz Tyszkiewicz, who, together with Y. Vishnevetsky, was considered a hero of the victory at Rosolovtsy. He also died while returning from the coronation Diet of 1649, but already in Uzhendow (near Lublin). Rounding out the list of recent dead is Andrzej Koniecpolski, a Polish crown clerk who died in Warsaw while working on registers and military accounts. The author of "Catafalque" considered the death of all these dignitaries to be a great loss for the Fatherland at a time when"self-will so proudly beat out".

* * *

The next episode of the Cossack revolution was the end of the campaign of 1648 (the campaign of the Cossacks near Lviv and Zamostye) and almost the whole of 1649. (it focuses on the troops of A. Firlei, which, in the end, the Cossacks and Tatars besieged in Zbarazh , but does not describe the battle of Zborovo) - the author of "Catafalka" filed in the third part of his essay ("Pamiatka wieczney Slawy Iaśnie Wielmoßnego Iego Mośči P. Andrzeia z Dambrowice Firleia Woiewody Sendomirskiego, Woysk Koronnych Hetmana"), dedicated to Andrzej Firlej, Voivode of Sandomierz and Hetman of the Crown Army in this campaign. This part was written after the "Hearse" by M. Firley (this is mentioned in the text).

Due to the limited volume of the article, we will present here an analysis of only part of the text concerning the beginning of the Cossack revolution and especially the final stage of the campaign of 1648-B. Khmelnitsky's campaign with Tatar allies to Lviv and Zamostye. The narrator comes to this plot after a lengthy description of the origin, life and previous activities of A. Firley.

Having placed the slogan "Khmelnitsky riots and war" on the banks of the page, he briefly retells the main outline of the events of 1648. So, "from a small spark, a fire broke out so that almost the whole Crown was enveloped at once." The author declares B. Khmelnitsky to be the culprit of this and believes that the death of King Vladislav contributed to the growth of the uprising. The pogrom (as always, the numerical superiority of the enemy is to blame for the misfortunes of the Poles) of the crown hetmans with the "Ukrainian army" was the first sign of further defeats. It is interesting that the narrator compares B. Khmelnitsky himself here with Spartak - "gultay", who was "heavy in rhyme".

In the new campaign B. Khmelnitsky, according to the author of the "monument", raised 300 thousand troops plus 150 thousand Tatars with the Crimean Khan at the head. The Poles, not having gathered all their forces, at Pilyavtsy gave the enemy the opportunity to engage in his "tricks", which was the reason for the defeat. So, after that, the rebel continues to rage, as "before that, Nestervar, Vinnytsia with Polonny and Bar, and the adjacent entire outskirts of Ukraine were flooded with bloody floods, and the cities in it were filled up with corpses."

Buying off Lviv and the inability of the Poles to defend themselves, according to the narrator, would have given Khmelnitsky the zeal to move all the way to Zamostye. The choice of this city as the goal of the campaign was due to the fact that the rebel leader "heard" that the leaders ("hetmans") of the Polish army and numerous nobles were holed up here. B. Khmelnitsky's confidence

it also fed on the constant "countless" flow of new rebels. They, too, "drenched in the blood of their masters and traitors of old, inflamed with the butt of their guns," willingly came to his camps. The Cossack leader made his bet in Labunki ³⁷ ("Labunki, Krinitskaya estate") under the Zamostyam. His army, showing its power, with all its forces sharpened the besieged. The description of the events of 1648 ends with the decisions of the Sejm, where a new king was elected. A. Firlei was then confirmed as hetman of the crown troops (Ya. Vishnevetsky was also supposed to rule with him).

Concerning B. Khmelnitsky, it is noted that he continued to "remain in treason" and despised the royal caress of the newly elected monarch (who sent a representative embassy to the rebel leader). The Cossack hetman, incited by ambassadors who came to him from other countries, preferred to recognize the superiority of the Crimean Khan and pay him "Christian souls" if only he would help him in the war with the Poles. This position is explained by B. Khmelnitsky's unreasonableness and stubbornness (he did not want to understand anything "in a drunken time" and did not react to the reproaches that the uprising harms the entire Christian world and benefits the Busurmans).

So, according to the author of "Catafalque", the Cossack hetman showed disdain for the government embassy and for the king himself. Looking at the fact that there were few Polish troops in Ukraine, he was looking for opportunities to continue the war. What follows is an account of the "re-rebelia" campaign of 1649, which is beyond the scope of this article.

There are reasons to emphasize the scale of the significance of the "Hearse of the Knight" for the historical representation of the beginning of the Cossack revolution in the middle of the XVII century. This poetic landmark is in no way inferior to the well-known and typologically close works of S. Tvardovsky and Ya. Belobotsky. The presentation of the plot of the " pre-revolutionary "history of the Cossacks in the" hearse "in general is a kind of peak of the Rechposolitan "discourse on the Cossacks", which has yet to be properly evaluated by historians of Ukrainian historiography. Unlike with. Tvardovsky with his concept of civil war ("brownie war"), the author of" Catafalque " portrayed the Cossack performance as a war between peoples (Cossacks-Ukrainians and Poles). Many of the facts given in this work when describing the campaign of 1648 are unique and have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation (the colorful image of Malichenko - "Ukrainian Susanin" from Korsun, a detailed description of the battle of M. Krivonos with Y. Vishnevetsky near Starokonstantinov on July 26-28, 1648). Especially a lot of new information is provided by the plot about Pilyavetskaya battle-one of the most glorious victories of the Cossack weapons (presented as general comments on the course of the battles, and a colorful picture of the competition of soldiers of the banner of M. Firlea).

The paper is devoted to little-known anonymous work "Katafalk Rycerski" (1650), which contains the story of the beginning of the Cossack revolution mid seventeenth century. Analyzed represent narrator history of the Cossack-Polish confict (which served as inter-ethnic) and chronicle the events of the military campaign in 1648 (which still contains many unknown facts).

³⁷ now the village of Labunki Pierwsze, located a few kilometers from Zamost.