Topic # 3 for officers, warrant officers (midshipmen)

questions:

1. The most important factor of military education.

2. Education of personnel based on the achievements of the national military culture.

One of the urgent tasks put forward by the Federal Target Program "Culture of Russia 2001-2005" is the preservation of the cultural heritage of Russia, the development of all spheres of the spiritual life of society, and the effective use of the country's cultural wealth. Without this, today it is impossible to further strengthen the power and prosperity of our Motherland. These installations fully apply to the life of the Russian Armed Forces.

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Culture is a set of material and spiritual values accumulated by society, as well as activities for their development and creation of new ones. The material and spiritual components of culture are interrelated and interact in real life. This article will focus on spiritual culture, which covers the sphere of spiritual life - science and education, literature and art, the whole set of social and moral values of society. Culture is the most important attribute of a society, whose life without it is absolutely unthinkable. Without culture, the life of the army as an integral part of society is also impossible.

In the history of Russia, the army and culture have always been close. They are closely connected, inseparable, and have a fruitful influence on each other. First of all, they are united by the fact that they have always faithfully served and serve the Motherland. The army not only provides armed defense of the Fatherland, but also is the bearer of the morality of the people, their best traditions. Multinational national culture, in turn, is an important factor in the education of Russian soldiers. The army needs a culture that inspires soldiers to serve the Motherland with dignity, forms and strengthens their spiritual and moral strength. But the army, defending the Fatherland, also protects everything that is created by the people, including their culture, customs and traditions.

It is important to note that the Russian military, especially officers, have made and continue to make an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian culture. They not only use cultural values, but also often act as their creators. A distinctive feature of the Russian army and navy is that they have always had a special role in society. It has long been a tradition of the Russian army to educate people who are not only infinitely devoted to the Motherland and military duty, but also highly educated, thinking, and creative individuals. Their activity was reflected in all areas of Russian culture. Officers and ensigns have always clearly understood that culture is the spiritual basis for the development of a modern army, without which it languishes, weakens and eventually dies. Culture is the most important part of the spiritual and moral backbone of the army body. It is needed as air in the conditions of tense peaceful everyday life, as a breath of fresh water in a hot combat situation, as a magical force that fills a fighter with courage and pride for his Fatherland, for his military work.

The army and Navy environment has put forward many outstanding writers and poets, composers and artists, theater and cinema figures who make up the glory of national and world culture.

Among the Russian writers and poets of the XVIII - early XX centuries, almost every third was an officer or a native of the military environment. An outstanding place in the history of Russian literature is occupied by G. Derzhavin, A. Griboyedov, M. Lermontov, K. Ryleev, L. Tolstoy, A. Kuprin and many others. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky, V. Astafyev, V. Bykov, I. Ehrenburg, A. Surkov, Yu. Bondarev and others were in military service during the Great Patriotic War.

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Military personnel made a significant contribution to the development of Russian fine arts. The works of Generals K. V. were widely known. Klodt and N. Yaroshenko, servicemen V. Vereshchagin and P. Fedotov. A peculiar phenomenon in the Russian visual arts was the activity of the Studio of Military Artists named after M. B. Grekov. Outstanding masters officers N. Zhukov and N. Solomin, E. Vuchetich, A. Garpenko, P. Krivonogov, P. Maltsev worked in it. Among the participants of the Great Patriotic War-artists M. Savitsky, E. Vostokov, B. Yefimov, L. Karbel and many others. And four front-line artists became Heroes of the Soviet Union: officers A. Golubovsky and M. Gurevich, sergeants A. Golubovsky and M. Gurevich. Tyapushkin and S. Abdulov.

Great achievements of Russian servicemen in the development of Russian musical culture. Among them are officers M. Glinka and A. Alyabyev, M. Mussorgsky and N. Rimsky-Korsakov, General Ts. Kui and many others. The author of the music of the hymn "God save the Tsar" was Staff Captain A. Lvov. The founders of the military musical art of the country in the Soviet period were Generals S. Chernetsky and A. Alexandrov.

The history of cinema also includes many names of military personnel. The founder of the structure for the production and distribution of films in pre-revolutionary Russia was the esaul of the Don Army A. Khan-zhonkov. Famous cinematographers officers G. Chukhray, Y. Ozerov, S. Freundlich and many others were active participants in the Great Patriotic War.

The birth of the Russian national theater is also connected with the Russian army. The first performance was staged in 1750 by cadets of the Land Gentry Corps under the direction of the first Russian playwright, General A. Sumarokov. In the following years, many military personnel played a significant role in the theatrical life of the country. During the Great Patriotic War, actors of any theater considered it their duty to perform concerts in military units of the active army as part of creative teams. Only the CCA sent 19 acting teams to the front, performing literally on all fronts.

The army, military service has not only brought forth many outstanding figures of culture and art - the army service itself has been and remains one of the inspiring sources of artistic creativity. People in uniform, armed defenders of the Fatherland at all times were the heroes of works that made up the glory and pride of Russian culture.

It is noteworthy that the authors of works about the life of the army and navy, as a rule, have served in the military themselves. This gives their work veracity and authenticity, historical significance. It reflects the great achievements of the people and the army, the heroism and everyday life of military everyday life, victories and failures. Through human destinies, the causes of great achievements and dramatic events are analyzed, and the necessary conclusions are substantiated. All this encourages soldiers to study and use the instructive experience of older generations, follow their example in their combat activities, and imitate them in selfless service to the Fatherland.

It is important to emphasize that the absolute majority of creative works consistently truthfully and vividly reflected the high morality of the Russian army. The moral world of a man with a gun has always been the focus of various forms of Russian culture. And this is quite natural, because morality permeates all spheres of military activity. Moral norms determine a conscientious attitude to military work, exemplary behavior in the service and in everyday life, in the family, etc. The Russian soldier at all times, despite fundamental changes in society, has such moral qualities as patriotism, loyalty to military duty, honesty, and a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the Motherland. The moral culture of a warrior also implies his good professional training, improvement of his combat skills and constant readiness to defend the Fatherland.

In the artistic works of Russian cultural figures devoted to the combat routine of the army and navy, the Russian soldier is endowed with high combat and moral and psychological qualities. He shows courage and heroism, courage and bravery, fulfills his patriotic duty-often at the cost of his own life, in a difficult moment he will always help out a colleague. Cruelty and vindictiveness are alien to Him. The Russian soldier acts as a person of the highest justice, as a strict guardian of international military-legal norms.

Officers and ensigns are the keepers of the age-old military traditions of the army and navy. The experience of their loyal military service to the Fatherland, reflected in military-themed works of art, has not lost its significance in modern conditions. Domestic culture, its integral and integral part - military culture-has educational potential. Its skillful and effective use is an urgent and responsible task, the most important factor in the military education of subordinates.

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It is far from easy to train subordinates in military skills. But it is much more difficult to educate them accordingly. Especially when it comes to education based on the best examples of Russian military culture. Only a manager who is enriched with knowledge and understanding of cultural values and deeply assimilated domestic cultural traditions will be able to achieve the greatest results in educating subordinates. In addition, the process of education itself is impossible without relying on the cultural heritage of the past. Military training becomes more effective when it is supported by vivid figurative examples taken from the glorious national history, science, and art.

The task of educating subordinates on the best examples of Russian military culture is complex and responsible. Its implementation largely depends on how the commander of any military team will interact with employees of cultural and leisure institutions. We are talking about theaters and museums, soldiers 'and officers' clubs, libraries, etc. We need to effectively use their considerable capabilities. And this is achievable with planned, purposeful, hard work. And no matter how difficult it is in today's conditions

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to carry it out, but it is precisely on the officers and ensigns that the task of educating subordinates is assigned. General M. I. Dragomirov wrote on this occasion:"...If the officer doesn't do it, then no one will... an officer is not only a military rank, but also a public figure: the army is not only an armed force, but also a school for educating the people, preparing them for public life..."

In the structure of Russian military culture, in the system of spiritual values, one of the main places belongs to literature. It is capable of extremely subtly and effectively influencing the patriotic feelings, combat and moral qualities of a warrior, giving him role models in a peaceful and combat situation, criteria for evaluating and self-evaluating his own personality. The educational role of literature is enormous. But the strength of its impact depends on how and in what forms it is used. It is important first of all to turn to fiction in the process of combat and public - state training. Turning to literature to illustrate the problems being studied enriches classes and increases their emotional impact on students. For example, when studying general military regulations, many managers use A. Beck's book "Volokolamsk Highway". It convincingly shows how soldiers brought up in the spirit of loyalty to military duty, following the statutory requirements, achieve success in battle. B. Vasiliev's novel "And the dawns Here are Quiet"is also used for this purpose. The image of foreman Vaskov convinces listeners how important it is not just to follow the letter of the charter, but to deeply understand the meaning of its requirements and the need to fulfill them. All the episodes and events described in the story clearly confirm this.

Officers and warrant officers, being leaders and assistants to group leaders, preparing for classes on public and state training, consider the procedure for using fiction in the study of each topic of the curriculum. Exhibitions of recommended books, brochures, magazine and newspaper publications are also organized. The implementation of these recommendations and the use of fiction increase the level and quality of knowledge and its educational role.

In connection with the 55th anniversary of the end of the Great Patriotic War and the end of the Second World War, interest in Russian military history and historical topics in Russian literature has noticeably increased. The books of K. Simonov "The Living and the Dead", I. Stadnyuk "War", A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin", Yu.Bondarev "Battalions ask for fire", V. Karpov "Commander" and many others are again very popular in the units and on ships. This means that the historical feat of the people and army, who crushed and defended the independence of the Motherland, is not forgotten. He still calls and inspires soldiers of the army and navy to preserve and multiply the traditions of older generations, to selflessly serve the Fatherland. The words of the Russian historian S. Glinka, who wrote back in 1812, are truly true: "Who does not know his heroes, who does not know his native glory, can he love honor and glory?"

It is gratifying that commanders and superiors seek to draw the attention of subordinates to works of fiction about the modern army and navy, written by people in uniform. The authors of such prose and poetry are officers Yu. Vinogradov, V. Verstakov, N. Ivanov, A. Segen and others. In units and on ships, the magazine of writers of the Russian army and navy "Batalist and Marinist" is becoming increasingly popular, on the pages of which the courage and heroism of the current defender of the Fatherland are sung.

There are various forms of using fiction and memoir literature in the education of subordinates. Among them are literary reviews, literary evenings, readers ' conferences, debates, meetings with writers. Recently, a group of Russian writers (V. Ganichev, V. Sorokin, V. Rasputin, V. Karpov, A. Prokhanov, Yu. Belichenko and others) visited many parts of the United Group of Troops in Chechnya. Communicating with soldiers directly in combat positions, writers and poets read their works, which left an indelible impression in the hearts of soldiers, sergeants and officers. In response to a lively, vivid writer's word, the soldiers perform their patriotic duty with even greater effort. This year, a large group of Roman - Gazeta writers met twice with soldiers of the army and Navy at the Cultural Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Among them are P. Proskurin, Y. Bondarev, N. Dorizo, K. Vanshenkin, V. Lichutin, L. Borodin and others.

Literary associations have been established in many Officers ' Homes. Such an association is especially active and fruitful in the Volgograd House of Officers (the head is Lieutenant Colonel V. I. Bozhkov). Its members regularly perform in the units and divisions of the garrison with literary reviews of works of art about the life of the army and navy, as well as their own works on military - patriotic topics. It should be noted that they are already doing a lot of work to prepare for the 55th anniversary of the Victory in the Battle of Stalingrad.

Cinema is a massive and powerful means of educating and educating the people. It is irreplaceable in the sphere of patriotic, moral and military education of soldiers of the army and navy. Given this, commanders and superiors pay special attention to the skillful use of cinema in the education of subordinates. The army and the cinema always go together.

Many units have accumulated good experience in using cinema in organizing combat training classes. In particular, training films are shown, which reveal skillful actions in tactical classes and exercises, and demonstrate the latest models of military equipment and weapons. As a rule, fragments from feature films and documentaries are shown in classes on public and state training. So, when studying the topic of the formation of Russian statehood, the films "Alexander Nevsky", "Ivan the Terrible", "Peter the Great" and others are shown, the themes of the Great Patriotic War - "The Ballad of a Soldier", "The Soldier's Father", "Liberation", " Marshal Zhukov. Biography Pages" , etc. All this creates a sense of empathy among listeners, helps to turn video information into their personal beliefs. Complex impact on consciousness and feelings is an effective way to increase the effectiveness of patriotic education.

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and military education.

The educational impact of cinema depends on the variety of forms of its use. This can be a movie night or a film lecture, when any information message (about military discipline, vigilance, military oath) is accompanied by a screening of the film. It can be a part-scale film screening dedicated to, say, the greatest battles of the Great Patriotic War. Such a form as discussing a movie after watching it is very effective. Of course, the educator chooses a film, the discussion of which would allow to touch on topical issues of the life and activities of his subordinates.

In modern conditions, television has become an important area of culture, which is firmly embedded in the lives of Russians, soldiers of the army and navy. It performs a number of diverse functions: informational, artistic, educational, socially transformative, etc. The peculiarity of television is that its role in the life of society is constantly increasing. But here it is necessary to note one feature. The variety of forms of ownership in our country has also spread to television channels. Some of them are state-owned companies that consistently defend state positions. Others are private, sometimes disregarding state interests and allowing anti-army and even anti-presidential attacks. The first channel, although called public Russian, often expresses not public interests, but purely private ones. This must be taken into account when using television in the education of subordinates. It is advisable for commanders of all degrees, having previously familiarized themselves with TV programs, to plan in advance to watch programs in accordance with their informational and educational orientation and the spiritual needs of military personnel. Of course, the greatest attention should be paid to programs that reflect the best examples of Russian culture.

Theatrical art makes a great contribution to the heroic and patriotic education of soldiers of the army and navy. First of all, this applies to military theaters. There are six of them in the army and navy. Military-patriotic themes occupy a certain place in the repertoire of other theaters. For example, the M. Gorky Academic Theater hosted the performances "Terkin Zhiv" and "Belaya Gvardiya". To mark the 55th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, the theater staged a wonderful performance based on the play by Yu. Vinogradov's "My Unborn Sons", dedicated to the young defenders of the Stalingrad sky in the summer of 1942. It should be noted that theater groups are very willing to organize patronage performances for soldiers of the army and navy. This has become a good tradition. Practice shows that collective viewing of performances (where possible) and their subsequent discussion give soldiers a huge emotional charge, generate a desire to follow the example of positive heroes and selflessly serve the Fatherland. This fully applies to TV and radio performances on current topics of military culture, to collective visits to museums, art exhibitions, etc.

In order to strengthen military education, unit and subunit commanders also make extensive use of musical culture. At all times, music helped to overcome the hardships and hardships of military service, raised the morale of Russian soldiers, called them to the feat in the name of the Fatherland. No wonder the outstanding Russian commander A.V. Suvorov said: "Music doubles, triples the army. With unfurled banners and loud music, I took Ishmael." In the army and navy, there is currently a certain system of using musical art for the purpose of educating personnel. An important place in this system is occupied by professional musical groups (regular military orchestras, song and dance ensembles), amateur musical groups, performances of concert brigades in the line of artistic military patronage, etc.This year, groups of musical ensembles from most military districts performed in parts of the United Group of Troops in Chechnya. And their every performance was warmly welcomed by the servicemen. It wasn't just cultural leisure. The concert in a combat situation caused a surge of patriotic feelings, was perceived as a mobilizing call to perform combat tasks with honor.

Russian military music has a great disciplining influence on military personnel. General military regulations provide for about a dozen and a half different military rituals, during which special works are performed ("Drill review", "Separation of guards", "Taking the military oath", etc.). Military music in these cases even outwardly tightens the military personnel, makes them proud of belonging to the Armed Forces, increases personal responsibility for defense of the Motherland.

An important area of using music in military education is the performance of soldiers ' songs. The Krasnodar House of Officers (chief Lieutenant Colonel N. Sakovsky) has been holding annual festivals of the soldier's song "When Soldiers Sing" for a number of years. The best performers are then sent to the units and divisions of the garrison. Cultural and leisure activities are enriched and have a beneficial effect on the attitude of military personnel to military service.

Thus, the process of educating military personnel on the achievements of national culture is multifaceted and multi-complex. The effectiveness of this work depends crucially on the teachers themselves, their pedagogical and methodological skills. Education of military personnel based on the achievements of national culture is ultimately aimed at increasing the spiritual strength of the army and navy, strengthening military discipline, increasing vigilance and combat readiness. Now, more than ever, the words of Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov are relevant: "The spiritual superiority of troops is just as necessary for victory as the conquest of superiority in the air, on land and at sea."

Retired Colonel Nikolai USTYAKIN, Candidate of Historical Sciences

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