ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß (ïîñëåäíåå)
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Àêòóàëüíûå ïóáëèêàöèè ïî âîïðîñàì ôèëîñîôèè. Êíèãè, ñòàòüè, çàìåòêè.
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§¿§ä§Ñ §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ù§ì§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §·§· §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ö§Û, §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ §Ú §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ, §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ§Þ §§Ö§Û§Ò§ß§Ú§è§Ñ. §±§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß §â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ñ (v¨¦rit¨¦s de raison) §Ú §à§á§í§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ (v¨¦rit¨¦s de fait) §Ú §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §Ü §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ö §à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§Ú§Þ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú §á§à§ê§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ø§Ü§Ñ, §¬§Ñ§â§ß§Ñ§á §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §á§í§ä§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§Û ¡°§Ó§Ö§ë§ß§í§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü¡± §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ. §¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §¬.-§°. §¡§á§Ö§Ý§î, ¡°§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§Ù§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ã§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ë§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ ¡°§á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡± §â§à§Ó§ß§à §Ó §ä§à§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §à§ß §ä§Ñ§Û§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ý§Ö§Û§Ò§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ¡± [2].
§¢. §²§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý (¡°Principia Mathematica¡±) [3] §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý §á§à§á§í§ä§Ü§å §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ ¡°§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú¡±, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§Û §Ó§à §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û. §´§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §á§à§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ü§Ó§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§å §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö. §²§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä ¡°§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ó§í §°§Ü§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ñ¡±, §Ó§í§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§Ó §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§å§ð §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å: ¡°§Ú§Þ§Ö§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§à §ã §Ý§ð§Ò§í§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §Ó§í§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§ä§î, §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ß§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä §ß§Ö§ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à, §Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û¡±. §±§à§Õ §ï§ä§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Þ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ò§í§ä§î §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §é§Ö§Ô§à-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ö§ë§Ö. §±§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ß§Ö§Ý§î§Ù§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ý§Ú§ê§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ä§à §à§ß§Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§ä§î §ï§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§î §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§è§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö, §ß§à §Ú §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ä§í. §¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §¶. §¡§ß§Ü§Ö§â§ã§Þ§Ú§ä, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§í §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ [4].
§¡. §¡§Û§Ö§â, §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ ¡°§Á§Ù§í§Ü, §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ú §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ñ¡± (1936) [5], §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§í§ã§Ý§î §à §ß§Ö§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§à§Û §ß§Ö§é§Ö§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§é§ä§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ö, §ß§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ú §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §±§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §ä§Ö§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §Ú§ç §ß§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§å§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §á§â§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§é§Ö§â§á§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§Þ. §µ§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §´§à, §é§ä§à §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à, §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §ß§à §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú. §°§ä§ã§ð§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ü §Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§æ§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à (§Õ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ý§Ú §ï§Ü§ã§ä§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à) §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ (sense-data). §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ä §Ý§Ú§ê§î §ä§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ, §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ö§Ô§à §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§à§Û, §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö ¡°§ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú¡± §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú.
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§à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð [6, ¡í116]. §¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ ¡°§Ö§ã§ä§î §Ò§Ú§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§â§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡±, §Ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §à§ß §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §Ú§Ô§â, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú ¡°§Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ¡±, §á§Ö§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü¡±. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Ô§à §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à§å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ä§à §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ú 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§ß§à §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Û, §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §Ú §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §æ§à§Ü§å§ã §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å, §Ó§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ. §¡ §ï§ä§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §ß§Ö§ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ, §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ö §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡°§Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §Ú §ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î¡± §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Ô§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú. §·§à§ä§ñ §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß §ß§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §Ú §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ö§Ô§à ¡°§ã§Ú§ä§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú¡± §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö.
§±§à§Ó§à§â§à§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à§å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä §Ó §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §¥§Ø. §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§£§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö¡± (1979) [7] §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý §ã§Ó§à§ð §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö. §¢§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§å§ñ§ã§î §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó §°§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §á§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à (§Ó §Õ§å§ç§Ö §®§à§â§â§Ú§ã§Ñ) §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à (SUM) §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ (LSM). §¿§ä§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§Ý§ð§é§à§Þ §Ü §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ä.§Ü. ¡°§à§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§î §à§Õ§ß§à, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ñ §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§å §ß§Ö§é§ä§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ö¡±. §¥§Ý§ñ §³§Ö§â§Ý§ñ ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ¨C §ï§ä§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à¡± [7, §ã. 308]. §¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §á§à §³§Ö§â§Ý§ð, - §ï§ä§à §æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§à§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú: 1) §ã§à§Ó§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (SUM =LSM); 2) §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§Ñ §æ§à§ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §Ó§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú 3) §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ú §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¥§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ß §â§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å SUM §Ú LSM. §¢§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à - §Ü §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
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§£ §á§à§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã §¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§ã§à§ß§à§Þ §¯. §¤§å§Õ§Þ§Ö§ß §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§ð §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §á§à §ã§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å¡±, 1978) [9] §Ú §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§à§Ø§î§ð §á§â§Ú §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ¡± [9, §ã.198]. §¤§å§Õ§Þ§Ö§ß §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §ï§Ü§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§Ö, §Ú §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û¡±. §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ã §Ö§Ô§à §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §à§ß§Ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§à§Ó§å§ð §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §´§Ñ§Ü, §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à §ã §ß§å§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§Þ §ï§Ü§ã§ä§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ §Ó §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§â§à§Ô) §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã §á§å§ã§ä§í§ç §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß, §ß§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ú §è§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§î ¡°§à§é§Ö§â§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§í§é§ß§í§Ö, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§ç §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§à§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Þ§í §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Þ §á§â§à§ã§ä§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§í§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú¡± [9, §ã.196].
§¿. §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í (¡°§²§à§Ý§î §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ö¡±, 1979) [10], §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§ã§à§ß§à§Þ §â§Ö§Õ§å§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §ã§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å ¡°§ä§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ø§Ö §Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û; §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â §Ü §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §ß§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§à§Ó§ß§à §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à¡± [10, §ã. 222]. §³§Ó§à§ð §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ ¡°§ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à¡±, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§Þ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú§ç §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §°§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, - §Ú§ç §Ñ§ã§Ú§Þ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ (topic) §Ú §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ñ (vehicle) §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §ß§Ö§á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó. §±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §ä.§Ü. §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú §ä§à§ä §Ø§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö. §±§à§Ú§ã§Ü §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ó§í§Ò§à§â §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ (§á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §à§ä§Ò§â§Ñ§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú) §Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§å§ð §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ð. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §ã§à§à§ä§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à, §Ú §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §à§ß §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ö§ß §ã §³§Ö§â§Ý§Ö§Þ. §¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú ¨C §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â ¡°§Ó§í§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ¡± §Ú ¡°§Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ¡±. §£ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§ç §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ (§à§ß§Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä §â§à§Õ§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ) §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ, §ä.§Ö. §ã§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §å§Ø§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§í §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ§í §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ú §ß§Ö §Ó§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó §Ö§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö; §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ß§Ú §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ. §£ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§ç §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§í §Ó§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§Ö§Þ§í, §Ñ §Ó§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç, §Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö, §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§í§Ö §â§Ö§á§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§è§Ö§á§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ú §ï§Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§í. §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ñ§ä §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö§å§Ô§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§Þ§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: ¡°§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ, §ç§à§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §Ñ ¨C §Ü§Ñ§Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î ¨C §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§ñ¡± [10, §ã.234].
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§²§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ü §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§â§å§á§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §à§ß§à §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§à. §²§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ¨C §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§í §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §®§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â, §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ §à§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§Ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ñ §®§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ §ã§Þ§í§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §¡. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ.
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §®. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§à§Þ, §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §¡. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ß§í §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Þ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü§Ú¡± (1936) [12]. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î, §à§á§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ð, §Ú§Õ§å§ë§å§ð §à§ä §£§Ú§Ü§à §Ú §¤§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ, §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §º§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú §Ú §¬§à§Ý§î§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ñ §à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §à §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§Ô§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§å. §±§à §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ ¡°§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡±, §ß§Ö§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§í§Þ §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§Ò§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ø§Ö, §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§í §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö, §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Þ§í §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ, §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ñ §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§ä§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ú§â, §ã§Ñ§Þ §á§à §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§Õ§å§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í¡¡± [12, c.56]. §¿§ä§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ç §¥. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §®. §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ §Ó 80-§Ö §Ô§Ô. §¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ §Ó §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í - §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ö§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ö §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó - ¡°§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ¡±, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í¡± (tenor), §Ú ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú¡±, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ¡± (vehicle). ¡°§³§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö¡± - §ï§ä§à §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ, §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ, ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ñ¡± - §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §ï§ä§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö, ¡°§ä§à, §ã §é§Ö§Þ §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ¡±. §©§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §á§à §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§å, §Ö§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §à§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§é§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä §Ó §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ §å§á§â§à§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å ¡°§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ¡± §Ú ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§à§Û¡±, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §ï§ä§Ú §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ä§Ú§á§í §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö.
§°§ä§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §à§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ, §®. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §ß§à §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§Û. §£ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ¡± [13] §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã§å§Ò§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í (§Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §µ§ï§ä§Ý§Ú), §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §à§ß §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ. §±§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§Ñ, ¡°§è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §å §ß§Ö§Ö ¨C §ã§Ó§à§Ú §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú¡± [13, §ã.162], §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ù §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç ¨C §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à. §£§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ §Ù§Ñ §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§à§Þ §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §ä§à§Ø§Ö §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Õ§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ ¨C §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Û - ¡°§æ§à§Ü§å§ã¡± (focus) §Ú §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û - ¡°§â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§å¡± (frame). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§å§ç §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ã§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú. (§¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §±. §²§Ú§Ü§Ö§â, §Ò§Ý§ï§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §æ§à§Ü§å§ã§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§à§Û (§æ§â§Ö§Û§Þ§à§Þ) §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ú §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§à§Û §å §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ). §¥§Ý§ñ §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ñ §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §à§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û. §³§å§ä§î §Ö§Ö §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §Õ§Ó§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§à§Ó: §Ü §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§å §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§à §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §Ó §Ú §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö, §ß§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Ö §Ü §ã§å§Þ§Þ§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§í§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§î§ä§â: §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §á§â§à§Ö§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ý§ð§ã§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ï§ä§à§Û §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ð §ã §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§á§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §á§â§à§é§Ö§â§é§Ö§ß§í §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú. §³§Ü§Ó§à§Ù§î §ï§ä§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ö§Ò§à, §Ú §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ú§Ô§å§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Û. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à, §Ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §à§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û ¨C §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§î§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ. §¡ §à§ä§ã§ð§Õ§Ñ ¨C §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Û §á§å§ä§î §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú - §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ö §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§å §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ.
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§Ú§ß§ä§å§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §¤§å§Þ§Ò§à§Ý§î§Õ§ä§Ñ, §º§Ý§Ö§Û§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ç§Ö§â§Ñ, §¯§Ú§è§ê§Ö §Ú §Õ§â. §à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§à§ß §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§í §Ø§Ú§Ó§Ö§Þ¡± (1980) [15] §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§â§à§ß§Ú§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §ß§à §Ú §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ§ã§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§ä§ì§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Þ§í§Þ§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ò§å§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §Ú §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ö §Þ§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú (§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä, §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§î) §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ü §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Þ§å §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å, §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §à§á§í§ä§å §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ, §ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §á§à §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ã§å§ä§Ú. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §â§Ö§á§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ó §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§ç §Ú §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú§Þ §ã§Ö§ß§ã§à§â§ß§í§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ. §¿§ä§å §Ú§Õ§Ö§ð §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §ª§ä§Ñ§Ü, ¡°§á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú, §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §ä§à§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ¡± [15, p. 5]. §¬§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö. §´§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ ¨C §ï§ä§à §Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§à§ß §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ä§â§Ú §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â: §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö (§Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§ê §à§á§í§ä §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö), §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§ß§í§Ö (§Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ §Ó §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú), §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö (§Ñ§á§Ö§Ý§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §à§á§í§ä§å §ã §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §ï§Þ§à§è§Ú§Û, §Ú§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§å§Ò§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Û). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö, §Ú§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ó §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§à §Ø§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö, §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ, §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ö §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§í§ç, §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ö§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å. §¿§ä§à §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §ß§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §à§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à, §Ñ §è§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§á§í§ä§Ñ (§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß) §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§å§ð §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§á§í§ä§Ñ, §ä.§Ö. §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§í §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô §ß§Ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Ö ¨C §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Ö, §ä.§Ö. §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ-§ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ã§æ§Ö§â§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö §á§à§Õ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §å§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ; §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §ï§ä§Ú §å§Ô§Ý§í §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§í §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.
§£ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö (¡°§³§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í¡±, 1992) [16] §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã, §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û (cross-domain mapping). §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í, §Ú§Ý§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ñ§é§Ö, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ, §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ: §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö (§ã§Ý§à§Ó§à, §æ§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö) §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Ü §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Þ §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ú§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û. §ª§ä§Ñ§Ü, ¡°§Ý§à§Ü§å§ã §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í ¨C §Ó §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö¡± [16, p.203].
§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§í §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â:
1. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ó §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§à§Þ §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
2. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §ß§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
3. §³§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§à §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í.
4. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í.
5. §·§à§ä§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ, §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú (§Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ö §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §ã §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó ¨C §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §¯§Ú§è§ê§Ö).
6. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§î §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§à §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç.
§£§í§Ó§à§Õ§í §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í:
1. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§á§à§Ý§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ã§Ú§Þ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú.
2. §¬§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã ¨C §ï§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú (target domain) §Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ (source domain). §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ð §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§Ó§å§é§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §Ú§Õ§å§ë§å§ð §à§ä §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ.
3. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ö§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã §á§Ñ§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§à§Ó §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ñ§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú.
4. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§í §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§å§ä§î §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ö §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§à§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ (§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ-§ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í) §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú. §¿§ä§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§í §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §ä.§Ü. §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ, §á§à§Ó§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Þ §Ú §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§à§Þ §à§á§í§ä§Ö (§Ñ §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö).
5. §¬§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §ä§í§ã§ñ§é §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §ß§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Õ§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í.
6. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§à§Ó: §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Û, §Ú §à§Ò§Ñ §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§¹§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à§Ò §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú/§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ä§à §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §Õ§à§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó, §Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à: §à§ä §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§ã§á§à§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§í, §à§ä §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§â§Ö§Ô§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ö§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ú. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú/§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ó§í§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§å §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§à §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð §ã§æ§Ö§â§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §ï§ä§Ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ §á§â§à§ã§ä§à §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ.
§´. §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß, §Ñ§á§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú§â§å§ñ §Ü §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§æ§Ö§â§í §à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î §ã§æ§Ö§â§å §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §å§Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à-§ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú [17]. §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ case-study §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú (§ã§ä§Ö§â§Ö§à§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ú, §Ò§Ú§à§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ú), §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§â§à§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö§á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ, §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§à-§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ã §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ô§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§å §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. (§¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§Ó §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §Ó §ã§à§è§Ú§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç §Ú §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú ¨C §Ú §Ó §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ï§Ó§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ú §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ú §Ó §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Û, §Ú, §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à, §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §¯§Ñ§å§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Õ§â§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§å §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â. §°§ß§Ú §Ø§Ö §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§ñ§ð§ä §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§ð §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§ã§è§Ú§á§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð. §°§Ò§ë§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ö, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§Ñ§é§Ö §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§å. §°§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ö §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã §à §ä§à§Þ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §ß§å§Ø§ß§à, §á§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß§Ñ, §ã§æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§å §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à: §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú? §¡ §à§ß§Ñ §Ó §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§å §à§ä §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §æ§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ï§á§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §Ó §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú.
(§°§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä)
§§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ
1. §±§à§â§å§ã §£.§¯. §° §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ç §ï§á§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú // §²§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¯§Ñ§å§Ü§Ñ. §¬§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ñ. ¨C §®., 2002.
2. §¡§á§Ö§Ý§î §¬.-§°. §´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ú. ¨C §®.: §§à§Ô§à§ã, 2001.
3. Whitehead A.N., Russell §£. Principia Mathematica to *56. - Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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§±§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ö§Ó §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ö §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ñ §à§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §æ§à§â§Þ §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §³§æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä §é§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ô§à §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§ç, §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§ç, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç, §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§ß§í§ç §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§à-§Ó§Ö§â§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ç. §°§ä§ã§ð§Õ§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§é§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ä§î §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ä §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Þ, §à§ä §á§à§Ý§Ú§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ö§Û §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å. §£ §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §á§à§Ý§Ú§ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ô§ß§à§ã§Ö§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ò§í§ä§î §ï§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ.
§¿§ä§Ñ §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ù§ì§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §·§· §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ö§Û, §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ §Ú §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ, §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ§Þ §§Ö§Û§Ò§ß§Ú§è§Ñ. §±§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß §â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ñ (v¨¦rit¨¦s de raison) §Ú §à§á§í§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ (v¨¦rit¨¦s de fait) §Ú §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §Ü §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ö §à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§Ú§Þ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú §á§à§ê§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ø§Ü§Ñ, §¬§Ñ§â§ß§Ñ§á §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §á§í§ä§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§Û ¡°§Ó§Ö§ë§ß§í§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü¡± §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ. §¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §¬.-§°. §¡§á§Ö§Ý§î, ¡°§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§Ù§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ã§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ë§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ ¡°§á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡± §â§à§Ó§ß§à §Ó §ä§à§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §à§ß §ä§Ñ§Û§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ý§Ö§Û§Ò§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ¡± [2].
§¢. §²§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý (¡°Principia Mathematica¡±) [3] §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý §á§à§á§í§ä§Ü§å §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ ¡°§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú¡±, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§Û §Ó§à §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û. §´§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §á§à§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ü§Ó§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§å §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö. §²§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä ¡°§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ó§í §°§Ü§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ñ¡±, §Ó§í§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§Ó §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§å§ð §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å: ¡°§Ú§Þ§Ö§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§à §ã §Ý§ð§Ò§í§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §Ó§í§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§ä§î, §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ß§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä §ß§Ö§ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à, §Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û¡±. §±§à§Õ §ï§ä§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Þ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ò§í§ä§î §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §é§Ö§Ô§à-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ö§ë§Ö. §±§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ß§Ö§Ý§î§Ù§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ý§Ú§ê§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ä§à §à§ß§Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§ä§î §ï§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§î §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§è§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö, §ß§à §Ú §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ä§í. §¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §¶. §¡§ß§Ü§Ö§â§ã§Þ§Ú§ä, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§í §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ [4].
§¡. §¡§Û§Ö§â, §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ ¡°§Á§Ù§í§Ü, §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ú §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ñ¡± (1936) [5], §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§í§ã§Ý§î §à §ß§Ö§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§à§Û §ß§Ö§é§Ö§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§é§ä§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ö, §ß§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ú §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §±§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §ä§Ö§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §Ú§ç §ß§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§å§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §á§â§à§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§é§Ö§â§á§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§Þ. §µ§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §´§à, §é§ä§à §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à, §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §ß§à §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú. §°§ä§ã§ð§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ü §Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§æ§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à (§Õ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ý§Ú §ï§Ü§ã§ä§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à) §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ (sense-data). §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ä §Ý§Ú§ê§î §ä§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ, §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ö§Ô§à §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§à§Û, §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö ¡°§ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú¡± §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú.
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§à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð [6, ¡í116]. §¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ ¡°§Ö§ã§ä§î §Ò§Ú§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§â§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡±, §Ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §à§ß §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §Ú§Ô§â, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú ¡°§Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ¡±, §á§Ö§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü¡±. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Ô§à §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à§å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ä§à §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ú 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§ß§à §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Û, §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§í §Ú §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §æ§à§Ü§å§ã §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å, §Ó§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ. §¡ §ï§ä§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §ß§Ö§ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ, §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ö §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡°§Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §Ú §ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î¡± §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Ô§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú. §·§à§ä§ñ §£§Ú§ä§Ô§Ö§ß§ê§ä§Ö§Û§ß §ß§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §Ú §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ö§Ô§à ¡°§ã§Ú§ä§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú¡± §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö.
§±§à§Ó§à§â§à§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à§å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä §Ó §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §¥§Ø. §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§£§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö¡± (1979) [7] §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý §ã§Ó§à§ð §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö. §¢§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§å§ñ§ã§î §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó §°§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §á§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à (§Ó §Õ§å§ç§Ö §®§à§â§â§Ú§ã§Ñ) §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à (SUM) §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ (LSM). §¿§ä§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§Ý§ð§é§à§Þ §Ü §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ä.§Ü. ¡°§à§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§î §à§Õ§ß§à, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ñ §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§å §ß§Ö§é§ä§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ö¡±. §¥§Ý§ñ §³§Ö§â§Ý§ñ ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ¨C §ï§ä§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à¡± [7, §ã. 308]. §¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §á§à §³§Ö§â§Ý§ð, - §ï§ä§à §æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§à§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §³§Ö§â§Ý§î §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú: 1) §ã§à§Ó§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (SUM =LSM); 2) §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§Ñ §æ§à§ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §Ó§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú 3) §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ú §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¥§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ß §â§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å SUM §Ú LSM. §¢§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à - §Ü §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
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§£ §á§à§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã §¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§ã§à§ß§à§Þ §¯. §¤§å§Õ§Þ§Ö§ß §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§ð §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §á§à §ã§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å¡±, 1978) [9] §Ú §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§à§Ø§î§ð §á§â§Ú §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ¡± [9, §ã.198]. §¤§å§Õ§Þ§Ö§ß §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §ï§Ü§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§Ö, §Ú §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û¡±. §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ã §Ö§Ô§à §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §à§ß§Ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§à§Ó§å§ð §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §´§Ñ§Ü, §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à §ã §ß§å§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§Þ §ï§Ü§ã§ä§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ §Ó §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§â§à§Ô) §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã §á§å§ã§ä§í§ç §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß, §ß§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ú §è§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§î ¡°§à§é§Ö§â§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§í§é§ß§í§Ö, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§ç §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§à§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Þ§í §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Þ §á§â§à§ã§ä§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§í§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú¡± [9, §ã.196].
§¿. §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í (¡°§²§à§Ý§î §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ö¡±, 1979) [10], §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§ã§à§ß§à§Þ §â§Ö§Õ§å§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §ã§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å ¡°§ä§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ø§Ö §Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û; §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â §Ü §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §ß§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§à§Ó§ß§à §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à¡± [10, §ã. 222]. §³§Ó§à§ð §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ ¡°§ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à¡±, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§Þ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú§ç §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §°§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §å§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, - §Ú§ç §Ñ§ã§Ú§Þ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ (topic) §Ú §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ñ (vehicle) §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §ß§Ö§á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó. §±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §ß§Ö§Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §ä.§Ü. §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú §ä§à§ä §Ø§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö. §±§à§Ú§ã§Ü §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ó§í§Ò§à§â §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ (§á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §à§ä§Ò§â§Ñ§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú) §Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§å§ð §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ð. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú, §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §ã§à§à§ä§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à, §Ú §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §à§ß §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ö§ß §ã §³§Ö§â§Ý§Ö§Þ. §¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú ¨C §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â ¡°§Ó§í§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ¡± §Ú ¡°§Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ¡±. §£ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§ç §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ (§à§ß§Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä §â§à§Õ§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ) §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ, §ä.§Ö. §ã§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §å§Ø§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§í §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ§í §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ú §ß§Ö §Ó§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó §Ö§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö; §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ß§Ú §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ. §£ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§ç §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§í §Ó§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§Ö§Þ§í, §Ñ §Ó§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç, §Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö, §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§í§Ö §â§Ö§á§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§è§Ö§á§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ú §ï§Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§í. §°§â§ä§à§ß§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ñ§ä §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö§å§Ô§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§Þ§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: ¡°§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ, §ç§à§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §Ñ ¨C §Ü§Ñ§Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î ¨C §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§ñ¡± [10, §ã.234].
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§²§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ü §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§â§å§á§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §à§ß§à §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§à. §²§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ¨C §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§í §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §®§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â, §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ §à§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§Ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ñ §®§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ §ã§Þ§í§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §¡. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ.
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §®. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§à§Þ, §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §¡. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ß§í §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Þ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ §â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü§Ú¡± (1936) [12]. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î, §à§á§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ð, §Ú§Õ§å§ë§å§ð §à§ä §£§Ú§Ü§à §Ú §¤§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ, §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §º§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú §Ú §¬§à§Ý§î§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ñ §à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §à §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§Ô§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§å. §±§à §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ ¡°§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Þ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ¡±, §ß§Ö§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§í§Þ §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§Ò§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ø§Ö, §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à ¡°§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§í §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö, §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Þ§í §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ, §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ñ §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§ä§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ú§â, §ã§Ñ§Þ §á§à §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§Õ§å§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í¡¡± [12, c.56]. §¿§ä§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ç §¥. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §®. §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ §Ó 80-§Ö §Ô§Ô. §¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ §Ó §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í - §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ö§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ö §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó - ¡°§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ¡±, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í¡± (tenor), §Ú ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú¡±, §Ú§Ý§Ú ¡°§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ¡± (vehicle). ¡°§³§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö¡± - §ï§ä§à §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ, §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ, ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ñ¡± - §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §ï§ä§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö, ¡°§ä§à, §ã §é§Ö§Þ §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ¡±. §©§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §á§à §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§å, §Ö§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §à§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§é§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä §Ó §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ §å§á§â§à§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å ¡°§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ¡± §Ú ¡°§à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§à§Û¡±, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §ï§ä§Ú §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ä§Ú§á§í §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö.
§°§ä§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §à§ä §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ, §®. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §ß§à §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§Û. §£ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ¡± [13] §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã§å§Ò§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í (§Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §µ§ï§ä§Ý§Ú), §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §à§ß §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ. §±§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§Ñ, ¡°§è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §å §ß§Ö§Ö ¨C §ã§Ó§à§Ú §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú¡± [13, §ã.162], §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ù §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç ¨C §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à. §£§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ §Ù§Ñ §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§à§Þ §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §ä§à§Ø§Ö §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Õ§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ ¨C §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Û - ¡°§æ§à§Ü§å§ã¡± (focus) §Ú §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û - ¡°§â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§å¡± (frame). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§å§ç §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ã§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú. (§¬§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §±. §²§Ú§Ü§Ö§â, §Ò§Ý§ï§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §æ§à§Ü§å§ã§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§à§Û (§æ§â§Ö§Û§Þ§à§Þ) §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ú §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§é§Ü§à§Û §å §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ). §¥§Ý§ñ §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ñ §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §à§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û. §³§å§ä§î §Ö§Ö §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §Õ§Ó§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§à§Ó: §Ü §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§å §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§à §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §Ó §Ú §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö, §ß§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Ö §Ü §ã§å§Þ§Þ§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§í§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§î§ä§â: §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §á§â§à§Ö§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ú§Þ§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ý§ð§ã§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ï§ä§à§Û §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ð §ã §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§á§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §á§â§à§é§Ö§â§é§Ö§ß§í §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú. §³§Ü§Ó§à§Ù§î §ï§ä§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ö§Ò§à, §Ú §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ú§Ô§å§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Û. §¢§Ý§ï§Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§à, §Ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §à§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û ¨C §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§î§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ. §¡ §à§ä§ã§ð§Õ§Ñ ¨C §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Û §á§å§ä§î §Ü §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§å §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú - §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ö §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§å §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ.
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§Ú§ß§ä§å§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §¤§å§Þ§Ò§à§Ý§î§Õ§ä§Ñ, §º§Ý§Ö§Û§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ç§Ö§â§Ñ, §¯§Ú§è§ê§Ö §Ú §Õ§â. §à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§à§ß §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö ¡°§®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§í §Ø§Ú§Ó§Ö§Þ¡± (1980) [15] §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§â§à§ß§Ú§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §ß§à §Ú §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ§ã§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§ä§ì§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Þ§í§Þ§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ò§å§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §Ú §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ö §Þ§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú (§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä, §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§î) §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ü §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Þ§å §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å, §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §à§á§í§ä§å §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ, §ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §á§à §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ã§å§ä§Ú. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §â§Ö§á§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ó §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§ç §Ú §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú§Þ §ã§Ö§ß§ã§à§â§ß§í§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ. §¿§ä§å §Ú§Õ§Ö§ð §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §ª§ä§Ñ§Ü, ¡°§á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú, §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §ä§à§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ¡± [15, p. 5]. §¬§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö. §´§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ ¨C §ï§ä§à §Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§à§ß §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ä§â§Ú §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â: §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö (§Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§ê §à§á§í§ä §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö), §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§ß§í§Ö (§Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§á§í§ä§Ñ §Ó §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú), §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö (§Ñ§á§Ö§Ý§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §à§á§í§ä§å §ã §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §ï§Þ§à§è§Ú§Û, §Ú§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§å§Ò§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Û). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö, §Ú§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ó §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§à §Ø§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö, §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ, §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ö §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§í§ç, §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ö§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å. §¿§ä§à §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §ß§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §à§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à, §Ñ §è§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§á§í§ä§Ñ (§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß) §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§å§ð §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§á§í§ä§Ñ, §ä.§Ö. §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§í §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô §ß§Ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Ö ¨C §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Ö, §ä.§Ö. §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ-§ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ã§æ§Ö§â§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö §á§à§Õ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §å§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ; §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §ï§ä§Ú §å§Ô§Ý§í §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§í §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.
§£ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö (¡°§³§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í¡±, 1992) [16] §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã, §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û (cross-domain mapping). §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í, §Ú§Ý§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ñ§é§Ö, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ, §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ: §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö (§ã§Ý§à§Ó§à, §æ§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö) §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Ü §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Þ §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ú§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û. §ª§ä§Ñ§Ü, ¡°§Ý§à§Ü§å§ã §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í ¨C §Ó §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Ó §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ö¡± [16, p.203].
§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§í §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â:
1. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ó §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Û§ß§à§Þ §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
2. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §ß§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
3. §³§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§à §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í.
4. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í.
5. §·§à§ä§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ, §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú (§Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ö §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §ã §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó ¨C §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §¯§Ú§è§ê§Ö).
6. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§î §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§à §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç.
§£§í§Ó§à§Õ§í §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í:
1. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§á§à§Ý§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ã§Ú§Þ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú.
2. §¬§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã ¨C §ï§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â §à§ß§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú (target domain) §Ú §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ (source domain). §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ð §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§Ó§å§é§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í, §Ú§Õ§å§ë§å§ð §à§ä §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ.
3. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ö§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã §á§Ñ§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§à§Ó §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ñ§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú.
4. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§í §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§å§ä§î §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ö §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§à§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ (§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ-§ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í) §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Û §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ú. §¿§ä§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§í §ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §ä.§Ü. §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ, §á§à§Ó§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Þ §Ú §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§à§Þ §à§á§í§ä§Ö (§Ñ §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§ç§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö).
5. §¬§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §ä§í§ã§ñ§é §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §ß§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Õ§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í.
6. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§à§Ó: §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Û, §Ú §à§Ò§Ñ §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§¹§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à§Ò §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú/§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ä§à §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §Õ§à§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§à§Ó, §Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à: §à§ä §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§ã§á§à§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§í, §à§ä §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §æ§â§Ö§Ô§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ö§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ú. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú/§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ó§í§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§å §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§à §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð §ã§æ§Ö§â§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §ï§ä§Ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ §á§â§à§ã§ä§à §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ.
§´. §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß, §Ñ§á§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú§â§å§ñ §Ü §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §§Ñ§Ü§à§æ§æ§Ñ §Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§ã§Ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§æ§Ö§â§í §à§Ò§í§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î §ã§æ§Ö§â§å §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §å§Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à-§ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú [17]. §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ case-study §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú (§ã§ä§Ö§â§Ö§à§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ú, §Ò§Ú§à§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ú), §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§â§à§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö§á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã §ï§Þ§á§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ, §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§à-§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ã §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ô§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§å §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. (§¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§Ó §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §Ó §ã§à§è§Ú§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç). §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç §Ú §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú ¨C §Ú §Ó §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ï§Ó§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ú §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ú §Ó §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Û, §Ú, §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à, §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §¯§Ñ§å§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Õ§â§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§å §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â. §°§ß§Ú §Ø§Ö §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§ñ§ð§ä §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§ð §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§ã§è§Ú§á§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð. §°§Ò§ë§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ö, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§Ñ§é§Ö §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§ð §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§å. §°§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ö §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã §à §ä§à§Þ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §ß§å§Ø§ß§à, §á§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §¢§â§Ñ§å§ß§Ñ, §ã§æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§å §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à: §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú? §¡ §à§ß§Ñ §Ó §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§å §à§ä §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §æ§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ï§á§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §Ó §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú.
(§°§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä)
§§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ
1. §±§à§â§å§ã §£.§¯. §° §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ç §ï§á§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú // §²§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¯§Ñ§å§Ü§Ñ. §¬§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ñ. ¨C §®., 2002.
2. §¡§á§Ö§Ý§î §¬.-§°. §´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§Ú. ¨C §®.: §§à§Ô§à§ã, 2001.
3. Whitehead A.N., Russell §£. Principia Mathematica to *56. - Cambridge University Press, 1997.
4. §¡§ß§Ü§Ö§â§ã§Þ§Ú§ä §¶.§². §£§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§è§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í // §¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã. §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú. ¨C 2001. - ¡í1.- §³.71.
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9. §¤§å§Õ§Þ§Ö§ß §¯. §®§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§Ñ ¨C §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §á§à §ã§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å // §´§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§æ§à§â§í. - §®.: §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã, 1990.
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15. Lakoff, George, Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago- London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
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