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Many people believe that such wormlike animals as caterpillars and grubs are worms. But these animals are insects in their larval (juvenile) stage and do not resemble worms after they mature.
Most kinds of worms have a well-developed sense of touch. They also have special organs that respond to chemicals in their surroundings. Many species have a sense of sight, with eyes or eyespots on the head.
There are four main groups of worms: (1) flatworms, or Platyhelminthes; (2) ribbon worms, or Nemertea; (3) roundworms, or Nematoda; and (4) segmented worms, or Annelida. The study of worms is helminthology.
Flatworms are the simplest kinds of worms. Some of them look like oval leaves, and others resemble ribbons. Flatworms include both free-living species and parasitic species. Most free-living flatworms live in the sea. But many freshwater species live among algae and stones along the shores of lakes and ponds. These flatworms, called planarians, eat tiny animals. Flukes and tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that infect human beings and many other animals. In human beings, they cause serious blood and intestinal disorders.
Ribbon worms resemble flatworms, but many species are larger. Most ribbon worms live in the sea. A few grow several feet or meters long. Ribbon worms are also called proboscis worms. They have a long proboscis (tubelike structure) that they shoot out from their head to capture prey. They feed on animals, including other worms and mollusks.
Roundworms make up the largest group of worms. There are about 12,000 species. Roundworms have a long, cylindrical body that resembles a piece of thread. Some, including filariae, hookworms, and trichinae, are parasites that cause disease in human beings and other animals and in plants. Free-living roundworms live in water or in soil. They eat bacteria, fungi, and small plants and animals.
Segmented worms are the most highly developed worms. Their body consists of segments that give the worms a ringed appearance. This group includes polychaete worms, oligochaete worms, and leeches.
Polychaete worms, the largest group of segmented worms, live in the sea and along the shore. Many of these worms have tentacles (feelers) on their head and a pair of leglike projections called parapodia on each body segment. The parapodia are used in crawling. They have many setae (bristles) that help the worms grip the surface on which they are moving. Many polychaete worms live among algae or burrow in mud or sand. Some live in tubes attached to the sea floor. A worm makes its tube from sand or from material secreted by its body. Some polychaete worms eat small plants and animals. Others feed on plant and animal remains.
Oligochaete worms include earthworms and many freshwater species. They have a few setae but no parapodia. Most oligochaete worms eat decaying plant matter.
Leeches make up the smallest group of segmented worms. They grow from 3/8 to 12 inches (1 to 30 centimeters) long and have a flat body with a sucker at each end. Most leeches live in water and feed on the blood of fish and other water creatures.
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