ORNITHOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEMS OF MINOR ISLANDS (Орнитологические экосистемы малых островов)

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Скачать бесплатно! Научная работа на тему ORNITHOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEMS OF MINOR ISLANDS (Орнитологические экосистемы малых островов). Аудитория: ученые, педагоги, деятели науки, работники образования, студенты (18-50). Minsk, Belarus. Research paper. Agreement.

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Опубликовано в библиотеке: 2015-10-28

Large rookeries of seafowl colonizing small islands like the Yamskie Islands in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, Toporkov in the Komandorskie (Commander) Archipelago, Starchikov in the Avacha Bay, Chirinkotan in the Kuriles, and elsewhere may evolve as a major formative factor for local geosystems* if the feathered world is given free rein in the absence of land predators and man. The distribution of bird colonies depends on the landscape structure: different avian species pick and choose in search of adequate haunts, and eventually sundry warblers of the air colonize all of the insular territory.

Bird colonies transform as good as all components of natural geosystems. The effect is dual, mechanical and geochemical. The birdies rough up the ground, trample down plants, and soil the environment with their excretia. All that gives rise to peculiar microrelief features (hummocks, tussocks, knolls, clumps, holes, nests, "runway pads" and the like). The chemical characteristics of soil changes as well—the concentration of such biogenic elements as nitrogen and phosphorus attains to abnormally high indicators, and pH values are shifted. The chemical composition of waterways becomes different, too (higher mineralization, lower pH, higher concentration of carbon, intensified water migration of biogenic elements). Thus puffins, the Lunda cirrhata waterfowl species (Gen. Alcae, or Alciformes) rework the natural environment by digging burrows, and renovating and expanding them each year; they process as much as 1.4-2.5 m3 of ground on a 24 m site, and, overall, from 3 to 4 thousand m3 on the Toporkov Island (the Commander wildlife preserve in the southwestern part of the Bering Sea) populated by about 90,000 puffins.

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* See: A. Ivanov, "Yamskie Islands: a North Pacific Phenomenon", Science in Russia, No. 2, 2007.—Ed.

Clearly, it is not much to say that waterfowl are the principal exogenic agent of relief formation in the ornithogenical geosystems of minor islands. The plant cover is modified most of all. We have detected changes in the species makeup of phytocenoses (diminished diversity, domination of a limited number of ornithophilous, bird-friendly plant species). Plant productivity has exhibited changes, too: it goes up under moderate avian pressure, but turns down when this pressure is high. Biomorphological adaptations (prodigal growth of vegetative organs, anomalous branching and profuse offshooting, rhizome excrescence, grass clumping) are also on record.

Biochemical anomalies are likewise taking form in adjacent sea waters, for the infiltration of biogenic elements impacts the algal productivity in offshore shelf zones by stimulating profuse algal growth and accounting for the high diversity of the subwater biota.

In short, the populous colonies of marine waterfowl develop into a major landscape formation factor locally, from solitary facies to clusters of isolated terrain features.


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© Andrei IVANOV ()

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